Business Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business Law - Assignment fashion modelThe offeror sewernot just cancel an offer once it is made. When an offer is made, the offeree (the one the offer is made to) can decide whether to take it or not within a reasonable timeframe. Since an offer puts some kinds of obligations on the offeror, there is the need to define what constitutes an offer. In this definition, there are some exceptions to the rule. When a person makes an index that another person can enter negotiations for a contract, this is not an offer, it is an invitation to speak. A typical example of an invitation to treat is the case of the display of goods in a shop window. In Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain V Boots Cash Chemists (1953) it was held that goods displayed in a shop does not constitute an offer precisely an invitation to treat. Additionally, the settlement of an attentive is not an offer. In Harris V Nickerson (1873), an auction saleeer advertised the sale of goods in an auction. However, he refused to hold the auction on the said date. A prospective attendant sued for a breach. It was held that the advert was simply a declaration of intent but not an offer. Application In this, the advertisement by Gift House that they name reduced their A1 cameras was not an offer. It can be considered an invitation to treat. ... They are mere invitation to treat and declaration of intent respectively. out-of-pocket to this, Martin does not have the right to purchase the camera at ?50. Davina Issue Davina gets informed that the A1 Camera (which sells for ?100) goes for ?50 in the shop. The shop also states that if anyone purchases goods worth ?500 by 1st December, there will be a gratuitous picture. Davina mails an coiffure for the camera and the goods totaling ?500 and indicates she wants the free television on 30th November. Davina receives the goods but finds out that she was charged ?100 for the camera and she did not get the television which was promised. The issue is wheth er the postal order created a legal contract that gives her rights to the camera at ?100 as well as the television set. Rule In Carlill V Carbolic Smoke Ball (1893), the defendants advertised to pay ?100 to anyone who caught flu afterward using smoke their smokeballs. Mrs Carlill used the smoke balls but caught flu. She argued that she was entitled to the ?100 promised. It was held that the offer was one that a reasonable person could take seriously. Secondly, the postal rule is established in the case of Adams V Lindsell (1818). It states that borrowing of an offer takes effect once the acceptance letter is posted. Application In this case, Davina saw a catalog that advertised two things the sale of a camera at ?50 and an offer of a free TV when a customer shops to the tune of ?500. This is something that the average person could take seriously and follow up. Davina followed up by making an order through post on the 30th of November. This order was a reasonable claim for the A1 Camera at ?50 and the TV prize since she shopped to the tune of ?500. According to the postal rule, this pestle

British decolonization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

British decolonization - Essay ExampleThe cartoon is striking in that it reduces the geopolitical tenseness of the Cuban Missile Crisis, where the United States and Soviet Union reached the brink of thermonuclear war over the stationing of Russian missiles in Cuba, to a bar game or crude, male ego-driven sport. From the Soviet perspective, the Americans had previously stationed nuclear missiles positioned at Russia from similar strategic locations in Europe and Asia. The two countries, in less than 20 years, had construct nuclear arsenals hundreds of thousands of times greater than the weapons used to bomb Hiroshima and Nagasaki. By many scientific estimates, the two countries possessed capable nuclear weapon power to destroy the stallion earth many times over. Few were altogether certain of the effects of nuclear war on a mass scale, notwithstanding both sides had built the largest, most powerful war machines the world had ever seen, and Khrushchev and Kennedy pursued a polic y of brinksmanship to bring the entire global civilization to the threat of destruction through their two nuclear arsenals. That the two political leadership are reduced to the caricature of a bar-room arm wrestling match represents the anxiety felt by the general populace who were restrained from truly participating in the decision making of the match, but were sooner forced into the role of spectators to watch how events unfolded in mass-media and television. The public could only wonder if two homosexual beings, with human emotions and weaknesses, could be trusted to manage the behavior of nations and armies with such a great destructive firepower. The policy of in return Assured Destruction (MAD) was based in the brinksmanship of the political rulers in the cartoon, highlighting the tension of the day in a manner that also illuminates the risk of the human emotions in a primevalized leadership need structure. This activity was also depicted in Stanley Kubricks classic movie Dr. Strangelove. The brinksmanship ended with the Soviets withdrawing the nuclear missiles from Cuba in the end to a standoff that had captivated the world as the first and possibly most beneficial escalation of conflict between superpowers in the Cold War. This cartoon is useful to understand the public opinion of the times, but could be further verified through relations to other news media such as editorials and journalism of the events. Historians Craft Assignment Question 2 Source 2 of 2 An Excerpt from a governmental Diary Sunday, November 26, 1967 So this is the end of the second devaluation week and were still completely without any central control or decision-taking in this Labour Government. And the guesss of getting this as a result of the devaluation are very(prenominal) small indeed. .... the lower the Government plummets the stronger my position grows in my own little corner. Suppose the impossible happened and as a result of the crisis Jim Callaghan replaced Haro ld Wilson. Thats not inconceivable when you remember Macmillan replacing Eden after Suez. but its something I wouldnt tolerate because I know the qualities of Mr Callaghan. Hes not an gallant bold forward-looking Macmillan who could rejuvenate the Party. Right inside hes a coward with a wonderful outside image and a very likeable personality. ... however, I dont see the remotest chance of Harold going. It

Advantages Of Reading In Modern World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Advantages Of Reading In Modern World - assay ExampleThe first greatest benefit of yarn books is that they understructure help passel cultivate culture and language skills. This is why books atomic number 18 perused more in a classroom setting than movies by reading books, students learn a variety of comprehension skills. Books offer visual oral communication, which is something that television and movies are incapable of. intercommunicate dialogue can introduce people to new words, though this lacks the ability for people to see the words in writing. People can learn new words and understand important grammar and punctuation skills by dint of reading. Furthermore, the more than an individual reads, the better they become at reading. It does not matter what type of book a person reads, or how long it is or the genre. All books have that element of offering words for people to increase their reading and language skills.The next perk that comes with reading books is that peopl e can enhance their ingress and memory. Television shows and movies, with their continuously moving images and sounds, provides a plethora of distraction for viewers. Even though watchers usually do not have difficulty in comprehending what is taking place and they are able to follow the story, their tutelage is still easily drawn from one element of the show to another. It is no different than trying to blither to a friend in a crowded hallway the conversation can still declare place, but the attention of the friends is constantly moving about. Books only provide words and, depending on ones taste in books, pictures. There is very little involved when it comes to reading. As such, not only are people able to read with every bit of their attention directed at the story, but they can also learn to use that concentration in other aspects of their life.

The difficulties of complaining Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The difficulties of kick - Essay ExampleIt makes people feel special.Excellent patient finagle is the most important pick to keep hospital rooms full. As an example, Mr Tadeus Kowalski was admitted to the ward a year ago for rehabilitation hobby hip electrical switch in an elective orthopedic centre. He has had a second hip replacement and there are plans to transfer him to the ward again for rehabilitation, Mr Kowalski and his family said they did not want him to return to the ward. Mr Kowalski has Parkinsons illness and said that, although his medical specialty should have been given three hourly, it was often late. This caused him greater distress and impeded his recovery. In his notes, there are several entries indicating that he, his wife and family have been asked to keep his own medication as his medication has not been given on time. As cure costs more than prevention, to alleviate Mr Kowalski concerns and enable him to consent the rehabilitation, hospital needs to pr ovide special ward and appoint a dedicated nurse for him. at that place is a requirement for the doctor to visit the patient more informally other than the scheduled formal rounds.. He should be provided with labeled medicines and with chart indicating its dosage and time to take it, which will be accommodative in absence of attendee.There are several much(prenominal) cases which affect hospital reputation. Many such problems creep up due to communication gap between working ply and patients, unawareness of staff regarding importance of timely medication or their neglecting behavior. Generally older people need more care as well as attention thus, they should be allotted separate wards with a dedicated attendant to take care of their needs. Official visits by responsible persons should be increased to gather customer feedbacks. essential services should be more prompt. All patients, including old people, should be educated for self medication.

Human resource development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human resource development - Essay ExampleACC, a Danish company, experimented with a untried-sprung(prenominal) type of preparedness that was designed to create adult instruction associated with the work of a learnedness organization Initially, the attitudes about the project were quite favourable, however upon launch, participants chosen for the activity strand it to be without much merit. This was due to poor communication about the nature of the project, less autonomy and share decision-making, and the fact that the organisation remained static and would not be changing. This project recommends that there be a new system of training for creating a positive attitude for a encyclopaedism organisation that include kick downstairs preliminary communications and also with margin for organisational flexibility. Article overview The article selected for review, The skill organization an undelivered promise, highlights the activities associated with a class-long training semin ar targeting professional employees at a Danish organisation known as Administrative determine Consideration (ACC). The purpose of the canvass was to identify the different training methods use to foster a new collaborative culture organisation in which managers could develop new skills as knowledge managers dedicated to promoting learning across the entire staff. The goal was to change employees whilst the organisation, itself, as well as its internal policies and processes, remained static and unchanging. The studys methodology consisted of professionals being grouped into four work teams, with for each one portion of training for each team carried out over a three month period. Teams rotated throughout the entire year until the entire organisation had been through the programme. Direct observation by the researcher occurred, therefore validating results significantly as the researcher was able to both participate and interview those involved in the training sessions. Pre- a nd post-interviews were delivered to the training members to identify whether their attitudes about the training has changed after their three month session was completed. There were four sit arounds used in the training, including quality, communications, and generic principles associated with total quality management. The article informs the reader by identifying that such structures are much socially driven with frustrations caused by limited new skills development. It shows that adult learning is sometimes complex with motif social structures guiding its development and effectiveness, even when social dimensions are not the goal of creating a learning organisation. The advantages of this training were closer interpersonal relationships with colleagues, more so than embracing of the learning organisation concepts. Andragogic approach This study was andragogic in design as it facilitated learning with adult participants. In many ways, it was self-directing, oriented to provide meaning(prenominal) insight surrounding current problems and tasks associated with ACC, and based on trust and collaboration. These are necessary to facilitate andragogic learning effectively (Guldem 2009). Since the study did not involve youths, it was not pedagogic in nature and the basis of learning was geared around the elements of adult management and leadership necessary to achieve the goal of promoting a learning organisation. The learning was supposed to be intrinsically motivated, as the preliminary interviews had identified that the majority of participants were initially sore and interested about joining the training structure. However, considerable frustrations occurred in this andragogic effort that will be identified. The model of training used The model used was unique to the environment and activities associated with ACC, however were loosely based on John Deweys theory of learning. In this theory, the professionals require a preparation to enable them to sense ob scure situations and act upon them by way of inquiry

Professional, Ethical, and Legal Aspects of Error Disclosure Research Paper

Professional, Ethical, and Legal Aspects of Error revealing - Research Paper ExampleOne of the effective practices for error disclosure, in this case, is ensuring that the patient register the deal for repeating sampling and analysis (Kalra, 2011). If the practitioner does non report the error to the patient, the patient may be unwilling or unavailable for another sample to be trailn.In my future practice as a nurse, I will always ensure that I report and disclose errors to those concerned. However, I understand that some errors are so serious that they should only be reported to the medical authority and not to the patient. To prevent committing serious errors that I will fear to disclose, I will do everything with maximum billing ensuring that chances of errors are reduced. I will work with others in this concern by ensuring that I ask anything that looks indecipherable to me before implementing it on the patients (In Agrawal, 2014). However, the concern that I have is that errors are sometimes unavoidable yet patients take it as a sign of the incompetence of the

Financial Managment worksheet 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Financial Managment worksheet 3 - sample ExampleThe investors who invest their money in the firm for hope to get a return on their investment ar called stockholders or shareholders. In other words, evaluation of a proposed project should be ground on the projects cost of capital (Vernimmen, 2005). This is because when a confederation raises capital, there is usually no direct links between the return to the supplier of the attach tos capital and the return on individual project. The corporation thus uses the leaden bonnie of these capitals for mixing in the firms overall equity to analyze the capital budgeting decisions. It takes into consideration the weighted average of all the capital and is thus referred as weighted average cost of capital (WACC).The firms mixture of debt and equity is called its capital expenditure. Although actual level of debt and equity may vary somewhat over time, most firms picture to keep their financing mix close to a target capital structure. A s we know that the WACC is a weighted average of relatively low-cost debt and high cost equity, so precisely we can declare that capital structure transplant will affect the WACC to increase or decrease with respect to the variety show that occurs in the capital structure.The firms mixture of debt and equity is called its capital structure. ... ecisely we can say that capital structure change will affect the WACC to increase or decrease with respect to the change that occurs in the capital structure. optimal CAPITAL STRUCTUREThe firms mixture of debt and equity is called its capital structure. The fundamental source of a companys cherish is the sprout of net cash period of times generated by it assets. This decant is usually referred to as the companys net operating cash ply or earning before interest and taxes (EBIT). The capital structure adopted by a company divides the stream between different classes of investors. If a company is financed entirely by equity and there is no company tax, this entire stream is available to provide income to shareholders. If a company also borrows funds, the lenders thrust the first take over on the net operating cash flow and shareholders are entitled to the riskier, residual cash flow that remains after the lenders have been paid (Vernimmen, 2005). Manager should choose the capital structure that maximizes shareholders wealth. The basic move up is to consider a trial capital structure based on the market values of the debt and equity, and then estimate the wealth of the shareholders under this capital structure. This approach is repeated until an optimal capital structure is identified. We have to take 5 steps into consideration to determine an optimal capital structure, the steps are1. predict the interest rate the firm will pay2. Estimate the cost of equity3. Estimate the weighted average cost of capital (WACC)4. Estimate the free cash flow and their present value, which is the value of the firm5. Deduct the v alue of the debt to find the shareholders wealth which we want to maximizeAn investor in a company with a low debt-equity ratio is likely to attach a low

Various Perspectives and Opinions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Various Perspectives and Opinions - Essay Example biometrics technology has been widely employed in governments and corporations worldwide for security department, particularly since the terrorist attacks of 9 September, 2001. Travel documents sire security features which single-valued function biometrics to identify and tramp. Airports and government agencies alike put up lend oneselfd these technologies to screen passengers so as to ensure security of all passengers and verify their passes. It has besides been used in forensics by the police to verify signatures used when signing credit receipts. This technology has been extended to elections, where voters would be barred from voting more than once, a similar application as for those being verified to access welf are benefits (Cole, 2005). Biometrics technology systems get down been largely accredited for assuring citizens of their security. With screening at airports and borders of various countries, only persons that do n ot buzz off a security threat would be travelling and get to a particular destination as required. Corporations have also appreciated the importance of this technology in keeping data safe and allowing classic access only. The citizens who have been susceptible to fraud would better appreciate the importance of fingerprint biometrics technology. ... The FBI subsequently retracted the case and admitted that the results were erroneous despite having been confirmed by about five senior latent fingerprint officers. More so, Opinion Research Foundation (2002) found out in his research that adults were questioning that information stored in biometrics systems would have been used in ways to threaten their privacy. Since the technology involves use of radiations, health practitioners have had reservations on the eventual implications on the health of the public. For instance, iris biometrics uses near unseeable radiation which would be illuminated to the iris so as to obtain the right data. The fear has been that retinal scanning could damage tissues in the eye. This argument has persisted despite the assurance from technologists and radiologists that the radiation is too weak to suit of clothes considerable damage to body tissues. Contact sensors have also been widely viewed as being contaminated. Since these sensors would be used by various persons, the risk of contamination by various microbes could be probable. But to the highest degree organizations regularly irradiate UV light on these sensors so as to sterilize them. There are technologists who have however argued the lack of sense in this argument as the same persons who raise these fears use door knobs and rails on a daily basis which present a similar risk. Workers also feel that these systems have inhibited their movement at work places as their employers monitor their movements in corporations where they have to log in and out of work areas using biometric systems. Albeit the public has its reserva tions on the use of biometrics technology, it has mollify been widely utilized with Opinion Research Foundation (2002) finding that 82% of adults in America have at least one ID

Chemistry of Hazardous Materials Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chemistry of Hazardous Materials - Case accept ExampleThe characteristics of the hazardous substance in the four regressers are determined through NFPA system. The system gives the mapping of identifying the relative levels of the three hazards chemical reactivity, health, and flammability (Meyer, 2010). The HazMat team experiences several hazardous situations. The puncture tank may contain flammable fumes or chemicals thus it is hazardous because it may result in combustion. The corrosive materials deal also negatively affect members of the HazMat team the fumes can cause skin irritation, and respiratory nerve tract infection and inflammation. Strong oxidizing substances have the ability to corrode and thus if not handled properly can force out the skin tissues. Strong acids and bases also show corrosive characteristics and may burn the skin. All the three substances betroth in chemical reactions that can produce dangerous substances, like hazardous fumes that cause respirat ory tract irritation (Meyer, 2010). A lot of restraint should be exercised at the accident scene. Only members of the HazMat team should be allowed to find the site with the punctured tank and the three other tanks containing hazardous materials (Meyer, 2010). The members of the team moldiness wear full protective gear. The gas masks are aimed are preventing the inhalation of dangerous fumes or hazardous chemicals. The reflectors jackets prevent skin contact with the hazardous materials. The other individuals who wish or want to access the accident scene must be told to wear adequate personal protective types of equipment. The protective types of equipment accept eyeglasses, gas masks, reflector or dust coats, gloves, and safety boots. The eyeglass minimizes eye irritation, through minimizing the contact in the midst of the eye and hazardous fumes. The reflector clothing reduces corrosion by hindering contact between the skin and the hazardous substances.

Supply Determinants of Coffee Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Supply Determinants of burnt umber - Coursework ExampleThis research will begin with the statement that agricultural phase involves the cultivation of green coffee employing different methods and treatment such as soil management, use of fertilizers, treatment of pests and harvesting that argon influenced by the cultivation practices, a topology of the plantation, and method of harvesting. Upon harvesting two methods can be used to execute it namely dry method is an old, simple and natural method that is mostly is used in touch on all Robusta coffee. The other being wet method-here specific equipment and water is used. The Arabica type is mostly processed by this method and it unremarkably produces the better quality that commands high prices in the market. Production phase involves bear on and packaging. The processing in this introduce involves storing cleaning and weighting roasting blending grinding. The powder produced after processing is normally subjected to different p rocesses so as to develop the varieties such as the instant coffee manufacturer. In the packaging, the stage includes many different types of primary and secondary packaging for roast coffee depending on the choices of the company. Input prices that are inversely proportionate the supply of coffee .i.e. when the prices of raw materials goes up the supply of coffee would reduce reapingivity in terms of production cost is directly proportionate the supply .i.e. if involvement of a engineering science makes production cheap then the supply of the product will definitely shoot price of supplant is directly proportional to the supply of the product hence if the price is low then the supply of the product with definitely be down expected future price of the product if expected to accelerate in the future the supply of that product will go down in the present since the producers would be save them for the future. Demand is the number of goods a consumer is able to purchase at a given price. The determinants include The usable income of the consumer is directly proportionate to the demand for a product in that should it increase the consumer will demand more than consumer preference is directly proportionately to demand i.e. consumers will tend to demand what they prefer price of connect goods if increases the demand of the substitute will also shoot expectation of future prices if is to raise the demand of the goods at the present will increase in fear of the price rise.

Coursework Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Coursework - Assignment ExampleStarting April 2016, the 3% supplement for diesel cars pull up stakes be scrapped (Deloitte, 2012). The other important adjustments that have been made include exclusion of certain security system enhancement, which pass on not be considered henceforth, as accessories when estimating the benefits corresponding to the cash value in respect to company cars used for private purpose. These adjustments will be put into force from 6 April 2011 and will be applied retrospectively. Private elicit benefit The benefits cash equivalent in respect to free fuel offered to employees will increase because the multiplier used to estimate them will be increased from ?18,800 to ?20,200, a change that took effect from April 2012. Furthermore, this multiplier will further increase by 2 pct above the inflation rate, taking effect from 2013 up to 2014. Capital allowances and lease rental obstruction There shall be an extension (up to April 2015) of the time through whi ch 100 perpenny of capital allowances for the initial social class are allowed on car expenses. Nonetheless, starting April 2013, the emissions measurement will drop off from one hundred teng/km to 95g/km in addition, this measurement will be incorporated into the main pool and charged 18 percent per annum instead of 8 percent special rate pool, which will drop off from 160g/km to 130g/km. In this regards, tax relief extended to employers will be pegged on the lease rentals for cars whose emission exceeds 130 g/km (limited at 15%) (Deloitte, 2012). Vehicle Excise Duty (VED) The VED increase was aligned with the Retail Prices top executive (RPI) as of April 2012. However, the Government expressed interest in repealing the calculation of VED over the medium term found on the views gathered from motoring groups (Deloitte, 2012). QUESTION TWO Petrol driven 5 door hatchback, with carbon dioxide emissions of 139g/km Employee benefit from car = ?18,000* 85/100*40/100*18/100 = ?1,101.60 Since the employee is provided with fuel for private use of the company car, this benefit will be taxed. The value to be taxed is pegged on the locomotive engines fuel efficiency. The percentage charge for this benefit is the same as for the car benefit and, therefore, it will be calculated as follows . ?20,200*40/100*18/100 = ?1,454.4 The total cost to the music director is ?1,101.60 +?1,454.4 = ?2,556 Although the fuel benefits have attracted some tax, I would urge the manager accept petrol for private motoring, which is provided by his employer because this will lead to some other benefits. These benefits, which are not additionally taxed include insurance, repairs, maintenance and servicing, social station of a motoring organization, and road tax. Ideally, the cash value of these benefits is more than the car tax paid payable to the fuel used for private purpose. As such, the employee will get at least ?600 per annum dep expiry on the dependability of the vehicle. However, if the manager is sure that refusing to take the fueling benefit will not lead to insurance increases, whence they can as well opt to do away with the benefit. Cost to the employer Capital allowances Twenty per cent is claimed on the written-down cost every year therefore, the following capital allowances will be claimed for the year ending 31st March 2013 The car does not fall under low-emission category since it exceeds 110g/km of CO2 and, therefore, the 110 per cent deduction for the first

Single Tuned Harmonic Filter Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Single Tuned Harmonic Filter Design - Essay eventutmer, trting with hme line t interfing with mmunitin equiment nd temerture rie in ll nneted eletril element. T mke the netwrk mre relible nd eure, tndrd f wer qulity re lied in mny ditributin netwrk, nd limit re deigned fr ttl hrmni ditrtin (THD). Therefre, the separate out re ued t ntrl hrmni in the netwrk. T deign uh filter, it i neery tMinimiztin f ttl t f the filter (bjetive entertainmenttin) ubjet t ertin vlue f filter rmeter (ntrint) i the bigget hllenge fr filter deign. n timiztin re n be defined mximiztin (r minimiztin) f n bjetive sportsmantin, f(x), ubjet t me ntrint f the rblem, g(x). Thee ntrint define the feible regin, i.e. regin tht ntin ible lutin f the rblem. The bjetive funtin i t minimize the ttl t f the filter n be frmulted where F i the ttl filter t R the filter reitne X the bloodmentl frequeny itive retne XL the fundmentl frequeny indutive retne Q the qulity ftr X0 the rennt retne min nd mx dente the stri pped nd the mximum limit, reetively.The rblem f filter deign i trted frm the limit tht tw r mre hrmni mnent re generted in the vltge nd urrent wve due t the nn-liner hrteriti f the retifier.The ue f nventinl L tehnique i ulr, ne my ue due t the imliity f ytem mdeling nd bjetive. The qulity ftr deposit hw hrly the filter i tuned t the trget hrmni rder.

Learning Strategies and Information Processing Development Essay

Learning Strategies and study Processing Development - Essay ExampleLearning disabilities last out manifest much as students recruit through elementary years and get ready to master readiness skills. Their keeping difficulties could be attributed to exhausted culture doing relating to retrieval and stor get on with of information, and ineffective strategies for retrieval and storage of messages (Smith, 2003). How attention, memory, recognition and experience occupy to learning strategies. Delays in learning strategies and information processing abilities, in addition to a deficient knowledge base on which newfound knowledge could be attached, affect the capacity of students in processing and recalling information. The prospect to learn would be lost whenever the attention of a student remains free or not maintained. This loss creates a deficiency of skills and knowledge, therefore, making learning less meaningful and forgettable. The learning-disabled students often becom e more impulsive and distractible compared to their peers. They also use less psychological control procedures to focus their learning (Smith, 2003). Preschoolers with learning disabilities remain more active as well as having difficulty in directing their attention. However, their activity declines from age three into adolescence. In this regard, their learning strategies should incorporate attributes that would appeal to their attention such as shape, color, and uniqueness. An overemphasis on famine remediation in the school curriculum does not expose the learning disabled to a wide variety of ideas, information, and language with the ability to stimulate cognitive development. Thinking skills need to be developed from the sign stage of a childs career at school. These include, but not limited to, skills for developing, interpreting, differentiating, testing, memorizing, organizing, managing time, and answer problems. Special education teachers also need to direct these studen ts on how to solve problems and focus on inbred concepts (Smith, 2003). In order to develop and maintain short and long-term memory, information should be made unforgettable through repetition or association. The entry behavior of students also influences their capacity to have a focussed attention, memorize, and retrieve information. Long-term memory results from intensive and varied information processing in the working memory during the initial stages. However, the learning-disabled students possess inefficient memory since they have difficulty stimulating information from the memory and associating it with new knowledge. Hence, more information could be learnt when a student possesses more knowledge Smith, 2003). An efficient, long-term memory of information should integrate verbal rehearsal and visualization as learning strategies for enhancing memory. Moreover, naming and grouping of information whitethorn also be used especially for younger students to enable them verbalize and memorize concepts. These strategies would mature during the put and high school years. Conversely, it would be worth noting that the identification of visual-perceptual delays in preschool children remains a difficult process since the basic perceptual skills of space and form develop at early stages of growth and development in life (Smith, 2003). How visual-perceptual, motor and language relate to information processing developmen

Lessons for Auditors and Regulators from the WorldCom Fraud Essay

Lessons for Auditors and Regulators from the WorldCom Fraud - Essay ExampleThe duplicity was undertaken by representing line costs as capital, rather than expenses and inflating revenue on the financial statements. However, a team of ingrained take stockors later on came to discover the dishonorable representation of financial statements and notified the Companys board of directors and audit committee, who acted swiftly although the company had already become bankrupt (Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht & Zimbelman, 2011, 457). Lessons from WorldCom Fraud Lessons learnt from WorldCom fraud presents a broad hold of issues to put into consideration such as, the importance of fraud auditors to hold up knowledge and an generalizeing of corporate systems and processes. Lessons have it that r appearine internal audit processes may not expose fraud, since auditors focus on providing assurance with heed to effective controls, rather than detecting irregularities as possibilities of fraud. Fraud auditors should actively seek to identify irregularities and anomalies as indicators of fraudulent behaviors among financial executives and general corporate staff, and use the knowledge to undertake further in-depth analysis to root protrude fraud. Fraud detection in corporate organisations relies on the knowledge and understanding of auditing and detection by prescribeds of the fraud background, fraud schemes, principles, and indicators (Singleton & Singleton, 2010, p.145). WorldCom internal auditors were well conversant with the organisations culture and choices of recording the financial statement, which helped them at present to recognise the $2 billion operating cost recorded as a fixed asset. This came out as a red flag unlike the normal culture of the organisation, more so when an official referred to the expenditure as prepaid capacity. Auditors understanding of the normal organisations culture was able to detect the omission of claim line cost in the operating ex pense account as a fraud (Rezaee & Riley, 2010, p.212). However, in the raw loopholes in financial statements often require auditors to improve and devise new ways of detecting fraud, since aside indicators may not be applicable in future fraud cases. Corporate fraud has perpetually advanced with the computerisation of operations, and thus requires fraud auditors to be proactive in improving their fraud detection schemes. Corporations wishing to put in place mechanisms for assessing fraud as an organisations risk, and approach the risks using applicable internal audit methodologies. Fraud auditors should also be seen with regard to the presence of indicators of fraud, and design relevant controls and stripe methods of fraud. However, proactive fraud seeking auditing activities may be costly for organisations, though not comparable to period of loss in case of successful fraud. Cost involved may include knowledge expansion in the area of fraud detection and more so, the use o f electronic-detection tools. Internal auditors have the mandate to understand an organisations corporate culture, conditions, and choices that may have been used by fraudsters in engaging in financial statement fraud. Such an understanding would go a long way in providing absolute indicators of fraud and possible fraud in future of the organizations inconsistency with fraud risk levels that organizations face (Rezaee & Riley, 2010, p.213).

Equilibrium Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Equilibrium - Essay Exampler accost all its costs it may only need to cover the total variable costs incurred thencely the rising cost of milking equipment will not have any effect on the firms in the intentness in the short run. Consequently, with marginal revenue being equal to marginal cost, super-normal profits will be realized.In the long run, due to freedom of entry and exit from the pains, the surplus profits inform of the paranormal profits realized by the firms in the industry will attract new firms into the industry thus increasing the supply of the product (Chiappori and Ekeland 2006). Increase in supply results to fall prices as explained by the integrity of supply. The fall in prices results to the individual firms facing a falling perfectly elastic demand bend dexter consequently resulting to a reduction of the surplus profits. This will continue to the point where the firms will no womb-to-tomb be making surplus profits, realized when the firm is just covering its production costs as a result of the increase in the cost of milking equipments. During this time, no more firms will be attracted to the industry when the price is equal to the come cost while the demand curve is a tangent to the average cost curve at the minimum point, a point when the firm is making normal

American government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

American politics - Essay ExampleUnited States is settle down recovering from the most recent economic recession which requires proper formulation and enactment of policies. The government activity targets a Gross Domestic Product increase of 2.5 per cent in 2014. This paper therefore targets to discuss respective(a) reforms and strategies the government can undertake to improve the current economic situation.The first strategic government interposition towards economic growth can be reform of the immigration sector. It is difficult for foreign entrepreneurs to stay in the soil because the government has set very many conditions that restrict their entry. Bureaucracy in allowing entrepreneurs and skilled immigrants into the country is so complex to the extent that it is delaying economic recovery. Bureaucracy is costing the nation job opportunities hence cut back the countrys GDP and also harming the nations international leadership in entrepreneurship and innovation. The gove rnment should adjust its policies on granting green cards to promising entrepreneurs and skilled graduate students. Moreover, it needs to pass the romance Act to allow law abiding people brought to the United States as children to become citizens.The second government intervention can be cutting costs incurred in health veneration. In the recent years the governments expenditure on health has risen with a very big margin. The country cannot endure to ignore this trend anymore. If this system persists, a large proportion of the countries income will be deviated to medical care which may not sustainable and will creates a burden on the future generations. The government should broach a vigorous campaign for healthy lifestyle develop new ways to manufacture drugs at a lower cost and a technology that can reduce expense on doctors and opposite medical personnel. This can be achieved through technological advancement and financing research

Computerize Enrollment Essay Example for Free

Computerize Enrollment EssayThis Chapter presents the proposed study all about. It likewise shows the problem that the proponents encountered during the research of the proposed study. Show the difference of the proposed arranging to the actual system.IntroductionMost of educational institutional establishment today specially on those schools with specialization in teaching in the line of technologies are exploitation computerized systems. It can help establishments or businesses to give more fictional character service to their customers. This can depart in a system with well-integrated processes that can perform much faster and more ideal than a manual system. Enrollment is the process of inputting and verifying data of scholar to register on a point school. The Enrollment arranging is used so the school will arouse a record of tuition of a student, tracking or retrieving of their information will be possible. The verifying of payments and browsing of student bills is as well the used of an enrollment system.Enrollment System is an example of computer generated process. This will lessen the workload and provides accurate information inevitable of the school. As the result this will not only benefit the students but as well the employees of a certain establishment.The Enrollment System is very essential for a school. In the case of AMA computing device COLLEGE FAIRVIEW CAMPUS, they are using a manual system composed of a pen and an operation form. The student or an applicant definitely having some erasures, and an illegibly hand writing that makes the information faulty. Verifying of the inaccurate information will lead to some errors in the process of the enrollment.Above our observation, gracious interventions will passing involve in this type of system. As a result, this may involve errors and redundancy of data resulting troubles in organization.Background of the StudyThe AMA COMPUTER COLLEGE FAIRVIEW CAMPUS is an educational insti tution specialize in the line of technologies, giving quality education since 1990 they make their make name by the student who make the I love you computer virus since then AMA has standards of giving the a best education in the line of Information Technology. The AMA COMPUTER COLLEGE FAIRVIEW CAMPUS has a population estimated of 400+ students from different courses and year level that currently studying this semester.AMA COMPUTER COLLEGE FAIRVIEW CAMPUS are using an acquaint system applicants or students constantly having a hard time filling up application forms and take a lot of time in the enrollment process. With the large population of students employees had to do a lot work.Statement of the ProblemThe proponents aimed to develop and sought to answer the by-line specific problems1. What is the demographic visibility of the respondents in terms of1.1 Name1.2 Age1.3 Gender1.4 Year Level1.5 Course2. What is the problems encountered in the existing system?3. What is the possible solutions to avoid the problems in the existing system?4. What is the difference of the existing system mingled with the proposed system.4.1 Accuracy4.2 Convenience4.3 Usefulness4.4 Speed4.5 User-friendlyHypothesisThe proponents to have an analysis if there is a significance difference between the existing system and the proposed system in terms of accuracy, convenience, usefulness, speed, and user-friendly interface. significance of the StudyThe study declare that the proposed system can be a great help to the followersStudents. The proposed system can help the students to have a less time, effort on the enrollment process.Employees/Professor. The proposed system can help the employees less the work load and save a lot of time that were needed in the enrollment processReputation Significance. The proposed system will improve the reputation of the school by leveling the kind of system to opposite universities.Scope and Delimitation of the StudyThe Study focuses on how the student s and employees have a benefit of saving a lot of time, giving a less effort, reducing of human errors, accuracy and speed of deriving information.The Study is limited service when it come to online access of the users, compared to the Online Enrollment System of the University of Santo Thomas that users can access online.Definition of TermsTo Understand the different terminologies that were used in the proposed study, the proponents had provided the following terminologies.Enrollment. is the process of entering and verifying data of student to register on a particular school.Computerized System. A process or operation integrated by using a computer or other devices.Online System. A process or operation that powered by the world wide web and social to any users that has an internet connection.

No Advertising Essay Example for Free

No Advertising EssayWhat do I wear in rear? Chanel N5, of course. Marilyn Monroe menti wizardd in her interview in 19521. When referring to fragrance, it is hard non to mention Chanel N5, due to its uniqueness, seniority and popularity, it is assortd by others with women, far-famed and not famous, who have worn it in different eras over its decades. Chanel N5 is the first perfume launched by CoCo Chanel in 19202, it is not tho one of the worlds top selling perfumes3 but to a fault represent a world of hallucination and reflection of the propensity and pleasure of the time period. ?Prior to the introduction of magazine, newspaper is the main communication source of information and publicise in the familiarity4. At that time period, it is one of the roughly effective method for advertisings to enter the ho utilisation of consumer since the confinement of expert exploitation of radio and television have not yet been discovered. Different from newspaper, magazine does n ot aim to luff everyone, it often has very specific group of target group, presenting information and areas of interest that its target group would enjoy.In the early age of magazine, there was a keen emphasize in targeting elite group class of the society, which be seen from extremely informative full page of texts. After a realization of increase number of affectionateness class and immigrants, magazine shifted its target from the elite to middle class5, which lead to the necessity of the white plague of imagery to kick the bucket. Editors of magazine has shift from elite man with a backdrop of mostly literature to middle class man with a background relating to merchandise.Magazine realized that the profits are not organize through subscriptions, but through companies market their products by buying spaces in the issue6. Advertisement in magazines has bring to pass one of the most prominent method of marketing or in another phrase, methods of creating desire. Chanel has a lways been feature their advertizing in leading female fashion related magazine such as Vogue, harpers Bazaar and Elle.This essay will explore the comparison of Chanel N5 fragrance magazine advertisement from a different time period of 49 years in relationship to the hea whence shift and the impact of advertisement from self satisfaction to sexual attraction which represents through determine earmark in gender, stereotypes, lifestyle, desire and thaumaturgy. The two advertisements that will be used to analyze are the magazine ads of the famous Chanel N5 perfume. Chanel becomes the woman you are print ad in 1959 (Fig1) starring Suzy Parker, one of the most recognizable showcases of the 1950s as a supermodel and actress.Suzy Parker was the signature face for Coco Chanel as she has always been associated with civilization and glamour7. The dominant part of the advertisement presents a black and white dreamy photograph of Suzy Parker in a beautiful evening habilitate with the utter(a) hair and make up, glancing slightly away from the viewers. The ads also features the strong known bottle/ product, Chanel N5 as a secondary focus with a nock line Chanel becomes the woman you are with a paragraph expanding on it A perfume is different on different women because every woman has a climb chemistry all her own.Chanel N5 is subtly progress tod to blend with your own delicate essence- to be like Chanel N5, yet deliciously like you alone. Chanel becomes you because it becomes you. . likewise in one of the contemporary most famous campaign for Chanel N5 in 2004 (Fig2), Nicole Kidman, a talented and beautiful Australian actress who enters the hollywood famously known for her elegant beauty8 was enlisted to represent the fragrance. The technological development of film, television and recent main information communication and sharing method, the internet, al grim advertising to go beyond just a printed page enter to the phrase of layer telling.The 2004 Nicole K idman advertisement has a direct linkup to the campaign of a mini-movie/ film which everyone has access through various sources. Due to the popularity of internet and information sharing, it is not a difficult for viewers who see the ads in the magazine to recall and connect the story in the film to print ads, allowing Chanel to create a full advertising campaign which successfully tell a story of the world famous star, Nicole Kidman, who escape from the publicity and fall in love with a stranger.The furthest scene of the film is used in the print ad, displaying Nicole Kidman when she returns back to her world, with a dialogue And then she was gone, as she forgotten, i know i will not her kiss, her smile and her perfume9. The film does not mentioned some(prenominal) word about or show viewers what the perfume it was, the wholly clue was the necklace N5 The print features in magazine depicts a beautiful photograph of Nicole Kidman in a dark background contrasting with her body- t he closing eyes and ambiguous posture turning away from or about to facethe viewers in a beautiful modern black evening gown with her simply perfect up-do hair and her N5 necklace which is wear to her back. The ads does not contain any words or explanation, scarce present N5 with the signature bottle which is constantly shown throughout since the first ads. Perfume is think to contribute to our understanding of gender as performance instead than expression, and of identity as practice rather than essence10 stated by Angela Partington.Fragrance has always been known as the connotation of identity, as the word wear is used to describe the action of using. As can be seen in the 1959 Suzy Parker Chanel N5 Ads, the tagline Chanel becomes the woman you are aimed to create a personal, even intimate connection with the object. It does not promotes how additional the product itself is, instead, it makes the individual consumer as an important ingredient. The ads makes consumers feel that it is specific individual you who makes it extra unique and special.This advertisement illustration the shift from the emphasize in character as moral and internal sense to ethical motive to identity as a self focused behavior11. In contrast, the Ads featured Nicole Kidman presents an identity of a fantasy figure of famous star, a break from reality in which all women desire to have in real life. The opposite sex attraction is used as the message of this ads. It puts the audiences in a fantasy world and convince them to believe that using the produce will create the same outcome for them.This shows the values holds in identity of the society which self satisfied identity is not enough, it is more of the relationships to other people, the internal representation of you through others eyes. The advertisings of Chanel N5 in the two ads does not only symbolize the values in identity, it is also a great representation of gender and grammatical gender values hold in the society as we ll. Both of the Chanel N5 Ad depicts women in a beautiful evening gown which certainly is going to attend an important social event.The two ads illustrates the roles of women in the society as a powerful individuals who has social status, not the women in the past who expect to stay home. They are the representation of the comparison and balance of gender roles, and what women in the time period are desire to be. As sex roles evolved, with women entree the workforce and pushing for equality, sexual appeals casting the woman as a sex object is no longer a popular and rightful subject to present12. Referring to The Erotic History of Advertising, there is a shift of the theme of turning on men to representing the power- women in control13.It can be seen in the 1959 Chanel N5 Ads, as the ad does not have any reference to any sexual attraction, only focusing herself in control of her own identity and representation. The different approach, however, generating the same effects, is taken in the 2004 Nicole Kidman Ads, it is the representation of the current society, how the society control her as a role of super star and how she uses perfume to make a man remember or be under her control. It seems like there is a great manner in revisiting the theme of sexual attraction in the society.Fragrance is a material, symbolic and optical object, and image/ fantasy articulating not just luxury and glamour, but a range of desires for transformed bodies, auto-erotic, stolid and socio-sexual experiences. 14 The discussion of gender and sexuality cannot be complete without the discussion of skin explosion as sexuality. Chanel has always been known to represent elegance, glamour and class15 which is why advertisings by Chanel are almost always associate with women attending an event in a beautiful gown .Chanel becomes the woman you are ads display elegance in a simply conservative way, as seen through her fashionable dress of ruffles, covering Suzy Parkers whole body, left onl y with the main emphasize of her face- her identity. This demonstrate their aim to sell personal identities for self satisfaction which is well supported with the text and tagline. The ads display how the society before may seen the use of sexuality to sell as an unacceptable methods and unfashionable topic to talk about in the society.In contrast, the 2004 Chanel N5 Ads presents sexuality through various motifs such as the skin which shown through the very low cut back dress and the emotion on Nicole Kidmans closing eyes. It is clear today that one of the leading marketing trend that would attract peoples enjoyment and attentions would involve more skin as the viewers are no longer limited to women but also to men. However, Chanel have use sexuality in a very elegant way through one technique expound by the brand researcher William Baue, focusing on fantasy allowed Chanel to harness the power of sexualitywithout pass the border into distaste16 Fantasy has always been associated w ith fragrance as a method to create desire17 which is the main motive of advertisement. In both ads, Chanel has chose to represent the brand itself through an actress- an individual whom placed in between the line of reality and dream. In 1959 Ads, even though the focus of the campaign is you as a viewer, however, Chanel chose to represent its viewer as Suzy Parker, the famous actress. The connection of reality and fantasy is quietly made in a way that viewers may not even realize the fantasy they are envisage of.Even through the text in the ads describe the quality and ingredients which makes the perfume becomes you as a person, it also touches on the fantasy aspect in term of the values of gender, power, identity and status described above. In obvious way, the ads featured Nicole Kidman shows and put viewers into a fantasy world in reality. Due to the technological development, the film became dominant part of the campaign allowing viewers to explore, take a break from reality an d exit them with a desire- desire to become like Nicole Kidman and putting the message in their face that Chanel N5 will allow you to be like that.The unchanged method of using fantasy as lovable motifs to sell fragrance18 have proved that the women from then and now have and will always been interested and attracts to the word could, what she could be, what she could do and where she could go- the stage of dreaming. The development of technology allowed the 2004 Nicole Kidman campaign to successfully tell a fantasy story which almost force viewers to create their imagery fancy lifestyle picture in her head, which then lead to the desire to own the object advertised.In conclusion, the different time period advertisement of Chanel N5 perfume in magazine advertisement demonstrate the shifting values from identity as self satisfaction toward the impressions of others. Advertisement of the two ads has became the reflection of the societys value in gender, lifestyle, sexuality and desi re. Moreover, fragrance will always be sold with a desirable motif through fantasy, it only varied in the term of the presentation method and techniques, mostly through the language of photography and language, that would attracts and communicate the people of the time.

Carer Term Definition Essay Example for Free

C arer Term Definition EssayBy for the first time understanding what the term carer meat I can look at the challenges both care givers, and care receivers face. According to a authorities website a carer is psyche who looks after a friend, relative, or neighbour who needs support because of their sickness, age or disability. A 2001 census report noted that 6 million people said that they provide volunteer(a) care to a family member. This is 12% of the adult population in the United Kingdom. This is a great centre of families providing and receiving care. For a family carer to claim financial help as a carer, the carer essential be affectionateness for psyche for at least 35 hours a week, be over 16 and not a student. They must in addition be caring for someone formally recognised as disabled or someone over the age of 65. the carer must also not earn more than 95 a week.These are the guidelines for application from a government website. Many carers may not no this and m ay be piteous financially from providing care within families. I will answer the essay title by facial expression at giving care and receiving care and the challenges both person face. I will also tuck you to the story of Ann, Angus and their family. There are many challenges in been a carer of a family member. But firstly a advantage of been a recognised carer is you can claim to qualify for a carers allowance of 45.70 per week, also from a government website. The carers equal oppourtunities act 2004, it gives carers the right to a assessment of their needs, with regards not just to their caring role but also to their needs for leisure, training and work. This benefits the care giver in social monetary value and educationally. There are many difficulties in being a carer. It is demanding and hard work. Both physically and emotionally.

Tay-Sach’s Disease Essay Example for Free

Tay-Sachs Disease EssayThe purpose of this paper is to dispute the hereditary communicable illness Tay-Sachs, discovered during a pregnancy. The discussion go away focus on developing an interdisciplinary team up and come off plan for the expectant parents based on their wishes. This paper go forth too cover whatsoever ethical and/or legal dilemmas that whitethorn arise as wellspring as identify counseling compulsions of those baffling. In addition, in that location volition be a personal verbal expression about high risk pregnancy, abortion, and the decision made by the expectant parents. This study involves a wed couple who after two years of trying to conceive a nipper became pregnant. The expectant bewilder Rita Trosack is 43 years old and her husband Peter is 46. They are both Caucasian and take away fair k straight offledge of their family history. Due to advanced maternal age, chorionic villus ingest was performed and it was determined that the baby i s affected with Tay-Sachs disease. Criteria Interdisciplinary Team, Rationales and Expectations Due to positive finding of the fetus being afflicted with Tay-Sachs disease, this pregnancy is straight considered to be high risk.This result require a more specialized interdisciplinary team to ascertain her intensely throughout her pregnancy as well as the baby after he/she is born. early and foremost the patient(s) are always going to be a part of the interdisciplinary team. Making them a part of the team helps them to be more comfortable with the situation as a whole. It also makes them flavor as though they have some sort of control throughout this ordeal. It will be the patient(s) tariff to voice their concerns and wishes. The first healthcare member of the team is the RN.The RN will be the advocate for the family. It will be his/her responsibility to defecate a trusting relationship and rapport with the family in order to build their confidence and make sure that their wish es are being adhered to. In this particular case the RN will collect to be able to recognize her own feelings in regards to the issues that surround Tay-Sachs disease and go to bed how to commit them aside so that he/she rat properly advocate. The RN will need to judge the situation, background, culture, and beliefs to get a good sense of who the family is.It will be the RNs duty to try and answer all questions the family may have and direct the family to the needful resources that they may require. A nonher member of the team will be the perinatologist. This is a physician who specializes in high risk pregnancy and births. There will also be a neonatologist, this is the physician who specializes in newborns that are premature and/or have birth defects. This member of the team will be involved in the care of the fetus throughout the pregnancy as well as at the birth and will follow the baby until care is transferred over to a paediatrician.The pediatrician will provide the n ecessary care and word for the infant and into his/her childhood, basically throughout life. A genetic science counselor will be brought in to speak with the family about Tay-Sachs disease. The counselor will be able to assess the parents knowledge base of genetics, explain the disease and how it is caused, discuss any concerns they have, and explain the possible outcomes of future pregnancies. A social worker will also be involved to provide the family with any other resources they may need such(prenominal) as support groups, counseling and/or legal help (Ainsworth, 2011).Teaching Plan The RN would need to initially call the patient and set up an appointment for them to come in and speak with the physician. The physician would be the one that would explain to the family hardly what Tay-Sachs is. The physician would explain to the expectant parents that Tay-Sachs is an inherited disorder that is caused by a genetic mutation that both parents comprise. What happens is the body is missing an important enzyme and without it, there is a buildup of a fatty shopping mall within the cells of the vile system, mainly the brain, ultimately resulting in permanent malfunction.Signs and symptoms of the disease do not cast down to surface until the child is around six months of age and it begins with gradual dysfunction of the motor skills. As the nervous system further degrades the symptoms become worse and the child loses sight, hearing, and mental functionality. Unfortunately there is no treatment for Tay-Sachs except comfort measures and the life expectancy for a child with infantile Tay-Sachs disease is typically four to five years (Ainsworth, 2011). The physician would need to emphasize that maternal age or lifestyle does not have any part in the cause of this diagnosis.The physician would then need to explain the pickings available at this time which are carrying the child to term or terminating the pregnancy via sanative abortion (Tay-sachs. org). Depending on the parents decision, should they choose to carry the child, they stinkpot also choose to care for the infant or place it for adoption. After the physician has spoken with the family, the RN would need to be there for the family, not only to listen, but again to answer any questions they may have. Mr. and Mrs. Trosack have decided to carry their infant to full term and care for their child due to their religious beliefs.At this time the RN would be responsible to clarify and document the parents wishes. The RN would be responsible for coordinating appointments with the specialists that will be involved in the care and communicating this with the family. The RN will then give the family the educational development to the parents to take home with them and the web address to the online support group for Tay-Sachs. While finding this type of instruction out is unsettling, it will be the RNs job to make sure and give the parents ways to cope.The RN can teach them about relaxation techniques such as guided imagery, music therapy, or breathing patterns that can be done in situations when they are feeling anxious about the impending birth. The RN will educate the parents on maintaining a healthy diet and continuing regular activity and exercise as the physician recommends. The RN will explain to the expectant parents that since the pregnancy is considered high risk based on maternal age and the diagnosis of Tay-Sachs there will be more frequent visits to the perinatologist than one would typically expect and there may be more ultrasounds performed to assess the baby.With any pregnancy the RN would want to educate the parents about signs of labor and when to seek medical attention in case of an emergency. The parents would need to know things that are not normal during pregnancy such as burning upon urination, vaginal bleeding, smooth-spoken gushing from the vagina, severe swelling, vision changes, loss of consciousness, or a severe headache. Education about sobriety from smoking and consumption of alcohol is also a necessity, regardless. Another oint of discussion horizontaltually will be the birth, the RN would need to let the parents know that with a high risk pregnancy, home births are not recommended (mayoclinic. com).Ethical Implications of Genetic Testing Some would argue the genetic examination, especially during pregnancy gives someone the salutaryfulness to play God. In an article written by Dr. Rob DeSalle he discusses how we are now able to detect certain genetic disorders that parents can pass to their children such as Tay-Sachs or Phenylketonuria. According to his article he wonders if this will give people a free pass to inclination their babies.Dr. DeSalle also speaks about superhumans in his article and the fact that with advancing technology we could create a hunt without defects (amnh. ecolleg. com). Chorionic villus sampling is typically done at 10-12 weeks gestation. An ethical concern surrounding the timeframe of this testing is that it a lot causes the parents to make the decision of a therapeutic abortion in a pregnancy that may have spontaneously aborted on its own. Although this theory is not 100 percent, it still could prevent the family from going through such a disheartening experience (Himes, 1999).Another dilemma families are faced with is the risk versus benefit. Chorionic villus sampling does not come with our risks. This type of test involved inserting a catheter either through the abdomen or transvaginally into the placenta and collecting a sample. Doing so has been known to cause a spontaneous abortion or even cause reduced limbs. The test, while important, could potentially do more harm than good. Ethical and Legal Dilemmas Whose right is it to bring a dying child into the world?Some turn over that everything happens for a reason and others believe doing so is a form of inhumanity. This could surely affect the parents decision, especially if they felt that carrying the c hild to term and transport it into the world would cause it suffering. What if the test is wrong? It is known that chorionic villus sampling is not as stiff of a test as an amniocentesis, therefore with this knowledge the parents may wish to wait until further testing can be done, however by that time, the choice of therapeutic abortion is no longer an option (Himes, 1999).As far as legalities are concerned, discrimination would possibly be an issue. The parents insurance may not want to provide the necessary coverage for their child because the diagnosis was made in utero and they could have prevented it. The child is also going to require around the clock care, will either of the parents be let go from their positions for needing to take so much time off of work? These are two issues that also may affect the parents decision.It was determined that they both work very extended hours and this child will definitely have an effect on that. Patient Advocacy Advocating for the Trosack s means standing up for them so that their decision and wishes are adhered to and making sure they are heard by the interdisciplinary team. The RN would also be their voice of reason when trying to explain their decision to other family members that they may bring in to learn more about the situation.Regardless of the RNs personal feelings it is his/her duty to make the parents feel confident in their decision and know that they are making the right decision for themselves. Personal Reflection As far as my own personal opinion, I am completely against abortion unless it is medically necessary or a woman has been raped or molested and does not want the baby that was conceived as a result. I do believe that the parents have the right to do whatever they feel is best for their family. In the case of the Trosacks, I fully support their decision to carry their child.

The Chinese Massacre of 1603 Essay Example for Free

The Chinese Massacre of 1603 EssayFrom a historiographic point of view, the incident of 1603 acquires special significance in the long and tragic history of Chinese murders in the Philippines. For comp atomic number 18d to all the rest, this has been the best autobiographyd, not entirely in Spanish, merely excessively in Chinese sources. More everyplace, two coincide in the pre dis distinguishation of accompani custodyts and are uniform in the pieceing of so farts. When these sourcesespecially the Chinesebegin their account of the massacre, they refer to a remote, perhaps purge un touch ond, incident that is, n evertheless, significant. The tension started in 1593, when 250 Chinese were forcibly recruited to row the ships which Gomez Perez Dasmarinas, then Philippine governor general, direct to conquer the Moluccas Islands. Soon attendantly they set sail, the Chinese in the flag ship staged a mutiny, assassinated Dasmarinas, and took over the vessel. Weeks later, th e son of the murdered governor, Luis Perez Dasmarinas, then based in Cebu, sought vengeance to sicken on the capitulums of the culprits. To do this, he asked for assistance from the Chinese authorities of Fujian, who welcomed the young Dasmarinas ambassadors and offered them their service as well.The min episode happened 10 years later, in the spring of 1603, when three mandarin orange trees arrived in manilla paper on a strange mission to reconnoiter a mountain of favourable abundant with trees that bore gold. This visit elevated the suspicion of the Spaniards in the Philippines, already so accustomed to intermittent threats of conquest, classifyicularly from the Japanese. They concluded that this was probably an asseverate caller for a future invasion of Manila. At that period, the Chinese in this urban center were al well-nigh 10 times the number of Spaniards.The tierce howevert, the Sangley uprising, happened in autumn of that verbalise(prenominal) year. The reas ons for this uprising remain unclear. The motives range from the liking of the Chinese to dominate Manila, to their wanting to abort the Spaniards perishs that have the appearance _or_ semblanceed to lead to their elimination. After initial uncertainty as to who would at long last win come in, the rebellion was quelled by the Spaniards who, together with Filipino and Japanese troops, massacred some 20,000 Chinese. Both our sources also point to a to a greater extent or less common epilogue.After the Spaniards first attempts at at unrivalledment and Chinas indignant reactions, both parties reached a new compromise and the agitation easily vanished as though nothing had happened. Former trade relations were resumed, allowing the Chinese to settle again in Manila, even if both sides harbored grudges against each other(a) for what had happened to begin with. What I now plan is to try to bring together reports on the massacre, both from the do itn Spanish sources and from the Chinese founts.The comparison may allow us to better conceive the remote and proximate causes of the tragedy of 1603. Itinerario, vol. 23, n angiotensin converting enzyme 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 1 The sources The Spanish manuscript sources which document the massacre are found in their entirety in the General Archive of the Indies and were published almost completely in the Colin Pastells, that is to say, the new edition of the work of Colin, done by Pastells in 19001. Some of them were reproduced immediately afterwards and translated to English, in Blair Robertson,2 and again soon after by Pastells in his joint work with Navas.3 These sources may be classified into two those released during the eventwhich served as news updatesor shortly after the incident, giving a global view of what had happened and those that appear in the books that came bug out around that time, situating the incident within the general context of Philippine history, as Morga4 does in his book, or as par t of the conquest of the Moluccas, as Argensola5 approached it in his. The garner and reports from the officers of the Royal Audiencia of Manila, and those of the superiors of the various religious orders belong to the first type.These documents int stop to relieve oneself personal viewpoints which, despite the fact that they contest each other, are not contradictory but rather complimentary. Of course, all deplore the massacre even if they deem it a justified, though exaggerated, measure. At the same time, they differ mainly in the abbreviation of the means that could shed been taken to avoid it, or of the actions that indirectly hastend it. Argensola tries to consolidate all the cultivation that reached the court during the years immediately after the massacre (he published his work six years after the event), and personal reports from the main players of the said event.Argensola may admit had the Augustinian Diego de Guevara as his principal source, because this priest mov ed to capital of Spain to attend to some of his orders concerns shortly after the incident. The work of Dr. Morga, eyewitness of the events, is briefer and simpler in tackling the topics and conclusions that were macrocosm formulated in Manila immediately after the uprising (Morga trust Manila in 1606). The Chinese sources, on the other hand, are official and therefore anonymous. They are briefer than those of the Spaniards, and empathisem to be less defensive, even if they also seem to reflect partisan tendencies.6 They usually ac hold upledge provocation on the part of the Chinese expatriates, and yet refuse to be judged by alieners. These documents sometimes cite specific words or actions of an officer from Fujian, although they Francisco Colin, S. J. Labor evangelica, ministerios apostolicos de los obreros de la Compania de Jesus, fundacion y progresos de su provincia en las Islas Filipinas. Nueva edicion ilustrada con copia de notas y documentos para la critica por el P. Pablo Pastells, S. J. , Vol. II, Barcelona, Imprenta y Litografia de Henrich y Cia, 1900, pp.418-441. 2 Blair Robertson, The Philippine Islands (vol. XII, pp. 83-97). 3 Pablo Pastells Francisco Navas, Catalogo de los documentos relativos a las Islas Filipinas (vol. 5, Barcelona, 1929, pp. LXXVI-CVIII). 4 Antonio Morga, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, Mexico, 1609. We utilise here the reading material annotated by Jose Rizal, offset reprinting by the National Commission for the Centenary of Jose Rizal, Manila, 1961. 5 Bartolome Leonardo Argensola. Conquista de las Islas Malucas, Imprenta del Hospicio Provincial, Zaragoza 1891.6 We hold up used the following references Ming Shi (The History of the Ming Dynasty ), Ed. Ding pilar cyst, Taipei, 1975, Vol. 11 (pp. 8370-8375) Ming Shi Lu (The True History of the Ming Dynasty), inclined(p) by the Academia Sinica, Ed. Zhongwen, Volumes 12 and 13, Taipei, 1961 (pp. 12090, 123030, 12371) Dong Xi Yang Kao (Studies on the Eastern and Wes tern Oceans), Ed. Taiwan Shang Wu, Taipei, 1971 (pp. 57-60) Ming Ching Shi Wen Bien (Anthology of the Official Documents of the Ming Dynasty), Vol. 6, Ed. Zhunghua, Beijing, 1962 (pp. 4727-4728) Huang Ming Xiang Xu Lu Guo Que (National tolls), Ed.Ding Wen, Taipei, 1978, Vol. 8 (p. 4917). I wish to thank Prof. Zhang Kai for his invaluable help in pointing out these sources, and my research assistant Lin Li-pin for his help in the translation of these materials. 1 Itinerario, vol. 23, No. 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 2 generally present themselves as part of an official investigation that was also transmitted officially. Also, since the events happened outside China, it is toilsome for the imperial officers to avouch them, which is why they plant forward brief and detached explanations.Nevertheless, the massacre of 1603 happened during a catch of stability in the Ming Dynasty thus, their capacity to inquire into and annotate an event that happened outside their shores was oftentimes great er than, for example, the time when the massacres of 1639 or of 1662 took place. The former happened on the eve of the fall of the Ming Dynasty, while the latter was more associated with the Ming resistanceat that time, Koxinga7 was dying in his Taiwanese hideoutthan with the Manchus, the new powers in China, who were still trying to establish themselves in the country.The incident of October 25, 1593 Let us now take a brief look at Argensolas account in Chapter 6 of his book. 8 He states that regulator Gomez Perez de Dasmarinas prepared four galleys to attack the Moluccas but had difficulty finding soldiers to man them. When the flagship was the whole one left to be filled, he ordered that of the Chinese contract workers who were entering the Philippines, 250 were to be taken to man the flagship. The Royal Treasury was to pay each one two pesos a month and, in the best of cases, they were only to row in calm weather. The governor forced the governor of the Chinese to get these 25 0 men who set sail against their will. Finally, on October 17, the naval faction left for Ternate. However, as soon as the flagship moved a short distance off, and the Chinese oarsmen were put to workunaccustomed as they were to the task and spurred on by brutal and menacing forementhe said workers heady to stage an uprising, preferring to die in the attempt than to continue rowing for the Spaniards. The rebellion took place on the dark of October 25, claiming the lives of the regulator himself and a great part of the 80member Spanish crew.The bad weather persisted, which was why the mutineers only went as far as the Ilocos region, where they were assaulted by the natives. They left behind the surviving Spaniards, among them, Juan de Cuellar, secretary of the Governor and the Franciscan Montilla, both of who managed to reach the coast. Afterwards, the Chinese decided to sail to China, but landed in Vietnam instead, where the king of Tunquin seized their cargo and left the galley to sink in the coast. The Chinese were dispersed and they fled to the different provinces. 9 The Spanish survivors intercommunicate Manila of what happened.The rest of the navy based in Cebu under the command of the governors son, Luis Perez Dasmarinas, go downed to Manila. at that place, he was positive interim Governor of the islands. Then a strange thing happened in 1594. In retrospect, this incident seems to have served as a rehearsal for what was to happen next. That year, the Chinese presumed that the Spanish navy had left for the Moluccas Isles. As Argensola puts it, in that respect appeared in Manila a great number of ships from China, without the customary goods, but rather loaded with men and weapons.On board were seven mandarins, counted As regards this massacre and the problems of interpretation that arise from consulting and comparing Chinese and Spanish sources, see my recent paper Consideraciones en torno a la imagen de Koxinga vertida por Victorio Ricci en Occid ente. Encuentros en Catay, n. 10, 1996. 8 There are discrepancies betwixt Argensola and Morga, although these are more a question of details than of arguments. 9 Argensola, Conquista de las, p. 210 7 Itinerario, vol. 23, No. 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 3 among the senior Viceroys or Governors of their provincesand they went to visit Don Luis with great boasting and an escort of men tell that they were on the lookout for Chinese who were going almost(predicate) those lands without license. 10 Dasmarinas welcomed them and gave each one a gold chain. In the end, he concluded that they had come either to conquer or to sack Manila, but changed their minds when they see the presence of the Spanish armada. Argensola adds that since the Chinese who killed Dasmarinas father were from Quan Chou, he sent Fernando de Castro, a cousin of his, to that province to give an account of the mutiny.However, the trip was forestalled due to the bad weather. It is noteworthy that neither Argensola nor Morg a says that the Dasmarinas took advantage of the situation to take up the matter with the mandarins (although it seems that he did, as deduced from the Chinese sources that we shall now see). For example, the Dong Xi Yang Gao is more exhaustive in this respect. It states that Luis Dasmarinas (called Maulin here), immediately after replacing his father, sent some priests to inform the Chinese authorities in Macao about the uprising.These priests bore a letter, the translation of which is conserved in the Chinese sources. It also adds that the magistrates of Fujian continued to send merchant vessels to bring thorn the Chinese who had been living in Luzon for too long. According to Argensola, this detail coincides with what the mandarins explained to Dasmarinas. The Chinese chronicle continues The governor of Luzon provided these ships with food and also gave them a letter (addressed to the Chinese government). He verbally aired his complaints about the way the Chinese treated the mur dered governor, his father.And he gave them an edict, sealed in a gold concussion which, together with the abovementioned letter, was wrapped in red silk and sent to China on a merchant vessel. 11 The three mandarins arrive in Manila (whitethorn 1603) We have said that the abovementioned incident does not seem to have anything to do with the one that took place nine years later. However, the parallelism is great, as we shall now see. The events arising from the arrival of another(prenominal)(prenominal) group of mandarins are well documented in the Spanish sources. There are three types of culture that are all complimentary.Those from the regal officials, that is, those from the Governor, Don Pedro de Acuna, as well as the listeners of the Audiencia, Jeronimo de Salazar and Tellez de Almazan, who show themselves to be antipathetical to and suspicious of the governor. The sources of the ecclesiastics, and in the third place, the information that the Chinese themselves give, and w hich they offer in consideration of the Spanish authorities. In particular, a letter written four days before in the sea by Chanchian, the head of the Chinese expedition, and which is submitted to the governor who sends it immediately for translation.Likewise, two more documents ticking to some petitions of Chinese to the Chinese emperor, which ended up in the hand of Archbishop Benavides who translated them. He sent the king his have got letter whereenriched after his own 10 11 Idem, p. 212. The Dong Xi Yang Kao contains the Chinese translation of Dasmarinas letter which he gave to the mandarins. Here, the same facts are given, except that the apparent motive of the uprising was more of greed (the ship was loaded with much gold and silver) than of the cruelty stock in the hands of the foremen of the ship, as Argensola would have put it.Itinerario, vol. 23, No. 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 4 inquirieshe makes a very complete analysis of the situation12. Though truly we do not know if Be navides do them Public or not, and therefore if they have to be considered as part of the information that the Spaniards had then. assemblage together all the reports (Argensolas and those of the two judges of the Audiencia, Jeronimo de Salazar and Tellez de Almazan, both hostile toward the governor, Pedro de Acuna), this series of events might have had taken place as follows Friday, May 23. Three mandarins landed in Manila, displaying their insignias as judges.With great pomp and an entourage of 50, they sought an audience with the Governor and gave him a letter written four days earlier in the high seas. In the said letter, signed by Chanchian, military chief of Fujian, the mandarins expounded the reason for this trip. They wished to verify the earthly concern of a fabulous mountain in Cavite, believed to yield 100,000 taeles of gold and 300,000 taeles of silver a year. They claimed that everyone could go and dig there and that the Chinese have already taken a great quantity of these metals spine to China.Chanchian also indicated that he had with him a fellow named Tio Heng, the man who reported to the emperor of the existence of the said mountain, as well as a eunuch called Cochay, who received specific orders from the emperor to investigate the matter. Another mandarin was present, besides Cochay and the immediate chief of Chanchian. 13 He added that he did not believe in the existence of such a mountain, and presumed it to be a lie. Nevertheless, the Governor had nothing to fear, since it was his duty to look into the matter.Afterwards, the Governor had them housed in special lodgings inside the city. The fact that they flaunted their insignias as judges and that the Governor allowed them to do so, incurred the ire of the members of the Audiencia. From May 24 to May 26 (Saturday to Monday), the mandarins begin to mete justice on their countrymen. Meanwhile, Salazar, the fiscal of the Audiencia, carries out his own investigation. Within this period, th e governor allows the mandarins to bring their entourage to Tondo, where the Christian sangleys live. May 27 (Tuesday).Salazar presents a report in a public session of the Audiencia. The report is approved and the governor requested to stop the operations of the mandarins so that the investigations may continue. The friction between the Audiencia 12 It does not remain clear how Benavides obtained the two documents, and if he made them known to the governor or not. The first (document) is similar in structure to the letter which the governor received from the mandarins, the translation of which he sent to the King, but much more extensive and detailed.Therefore the said document perhaps may be a different version from the letter, made by memory (since he possibly helped in the verbal translation of that thing) and completed a posteriori with his own investigations, since at the end of that letter he said I am a man who knows the language of these Chinese and I know a lot about their things and customs of China by having lived with them for many months and I made it also because I take up this business with suspicion and care as these can be advisors who give the axe badly on it because of not understanding it (Colin Pastells, II, p. 415).The aid document, different from the letter, is a remonstrance of the emperor by one of his officials. The mandarins presented it to the governor with the intention of giving more credibility to his own letter. Given that the Spaniards did not seem to take it into account, we will not deal with it now, but we will go back to it at the end of our study for its clarificatory value. 13 Note that the spelling of the names correspond to the free style of transcribing that the Spanish interpreter had of the Fujianese pronunciation of the names ( the translation of the document that appears on Blair Robertson, vol.XII, pp. 83-97, points out in the heading which was made by a Dominican). As will be seen later , the correspondence in mandarin is as follows Chunchian seems to correspond to Gan Yi-chen, Tio Heng to Zhang Yi and Cochay to Gao Tsai. Itinerario, vol. 23, No. 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 5 and the Governor worsens. Moreover, the judges of the Audiencia complain of being relegated to the sidelines. In the following days, the Audiencia desisted its moves because the Governor at last published an edict prohibiting the mandarins from administering their justice and from flaunting their insignias.On the eve of their departure, they go to Cavite to see the said mountain. With them are guerilla Lieutenant Cervantes, as well as by the governor of the sangleys, Juan Bautista de Vera,14 who seems to have been around all the while. There, Tio Heng, unable to satisfactorily clear himself of the deception, had the Spaniards bearing down on him with threats of death. However, the mandarins intercede for his pardon. The Spaniards grow even more suspicious. On the day of their departure, the Governor receives the mandar ins and honors them with some gifts.As he sends them off, they apologize for the mix-up they have caused and thus sailed back to China. We can better know the identities of these mandarins and further clarify the case by examining complimentary data from the Chinese sources. In this attempt to consolidate diverse information, we can conclude that the speaker of the group was the mandarin Gan Yi-chen (Chanchian in the letter), a centurion and was probably the military chief of Fujian. The second mandarin (not mentioned in the letter) was Wang Shi-ho, the magistrate of the Hai Cheng district, where many of the Chinese immigrants came from.The third mandarin must have been the eunuch Gao Tsai (who appears in the letter as Cochai). Accompanying these three dignitaries were Zhang Yi (Tio Heng) and Yang Ying-long, who were the ones who informed the emperor in Beijing of the said mountain of gold. Yang Ying-long was another centurion whom the Chinese sources accuse of collaborating with Zh ang Yi (who probably used the formers clout to get an audience with the emperor and consequently win his favor).The emperor actually allowed the said expedition despite opposition from various people in his court who not only thought it a ridiculous project, but which could also be a source of trouble. According to these sources, one might think that the two magistrates Gan Yichen and Wang Shi-ho were also of the same opinion. In fact, the latter was so vexed that he died soon after they arrived in Fujian. The other magistrates reported Zhang Yis behavior to the emperor, demanding that he be penalize for trying to deceive the imperial government and for bringing about its humiliation in a foreign land.The role of Gao Tsai, on the other hand, is more difficult to interpret. Some sources picture him as the superintendent of the said Beijing expedition, while others show him as Fujians quartermaster general for taxes, who makes a living off the Chinese maritime trade. The Ming Shi Lu gives its version of the conduct of these three The diabolical Fujianese Zhang Yi, came up with an evil plan to propose the excavation of a gold mine in Luzon. But his real intention was to conspire with the eunuchs and provoke the barbarians.Yang Ying-long was his partnerZhang Yi was beheaded and his head shown to the coastal provinces as a warning to people of his kind. 15 Lastly, it is worth pointing out that the Chinese sources coincide with those Spanish ones in indicating that this entire trip had been the proximate cause of the Spanish suspicions and the subsequent massacre which took place four months afterwards. 14 A Chinese who arrived in Manila during the times of the pirate Limahon, whom he had served. At that time, he was appointed governor of the sangleys and was respected by the Spaniards and loved by the sangleys (Argensola, p.230.He was also known as Eng Kang (Rizal), Encan (Argensola) and Encang (Tellez de Almazan). 15 MSL, Chapter 404 (Vol. XII. P. 12090). Itine rario, vol. 23, No. 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 6 But, the question is if the dispatch had been an advance party or not, and if it came to study the possibility of invasion of Manilawhether it was piratical or in an organized form. At the moment, the Spaniards could not know it, although an excess of suspicions could turn itself into an untenable situation that might end up out of control. It was precisely what happened.The massacre of 1603 a) The preparation On December 18, 1603, once the incident that we are about to see had ended, Governor Pedro de Acuna wrote the king an account wherein he explained in retrospect his behavior during the whole event. He begins by saying that the arrival of the mandarins had made him suspect a possible invasion from China. This was why his eventual moves, halt and defensive in nature, were limited to the following 1. To create space, he ordered the demolition of the houses in the Parian that was neighboring(a) to the walls of the city.This, at the same time, corrected some of the walls defects. 2. He asked the mayors of the district and the magistrates of the Parian to submit to him a list of immigrants under their jurisdiction and of the weapons in their possession. They were also asked to indicate whether these people were to be trusted or not. The order was fulfilled. 3. He carried out regular inspections of the artisans (blacksmiths, and so on ) in particular, and commissioned the manufacture of bows, arrows, pikes, etc. for the royal storehouse.At the same time, he ordered that all these weapons be collected and transported. 4. Just in case, he had viands stored. 5. He hired sangleys to build a canal with the end of creating a moat for the city, if ever the need arises. Acuna also points out a distinction that is also mentioned in other Spanish sources that between the Chinese merchants, who have settled for years in the Parian, and the recent arrivals who were vagabonds and troublemakers who had nothing to lose and who could not return to China due to the crimes they had committed.16 Acuna hangs the blame of the succeeding events on these Chinese, since they were the ones who paved the way for everything, in order to bring the merchants and the peaceful people to their side, convincing them that the measures that were being taken were meant to kill the Chinese. 17 The Chinese sources, on the other hand, also echo some of Acunas positions, but presenting these under an offensive point of view, coloring material the thing differently and relating these to what directly affected them. For example, the Huang Ming Xiang Hsu Lu shows that the Spaniards prepared for the massacre way ahead of time, since they began to demoralise from the Chinese all the metal objects that they had.The Chinese, on the other hand, sold all the iron they found because they sawing machine that they could profit from it. (point 3 from Acuna). 18 This same idea is found in the Ming Shi, which also adds that the Chinese we re oblige to register their names and to be divided into groups of 30019 (point 2 from Acuna). 16 To better tick off the Chinese groups, see Edgar Wickberg, The Chinese in Philippine Life, 18501898 (Yale University Press, 1965), pp. 6-11. 17 Blair Robertson, vol. XII, p. 154 18 HMXHL, Chapter 5, Luzon. 19 MS, Chapter 323 (p. 8372).Itinerario, vol. 23, No. 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 7 b) The beginning Sangley uprising or Chinese pogrom? Another interesting issue to consider is that of who started it first. The Spanish sources (Morga, Argensola, Acuna, etc. ) emphatically state the Chinese staged an uprising. Benavides, the bishop of Manila, noted in a letter to the king that the pile of Chinese was so great, among them, base and vicious men who spread the rumor (which is absolutely false, but not for them) that the Spaniards were going to kill every one of them, which was why they provoked a rebellion on the darkness of the eve of St.Francis. They armed themselves and on that day kille d several Spaniards who pursued them, among them, Luis Perez de Dasmarinas. 20 On December 18, when everything was over, Governor Pedro de Acuna told the king that according to the investigations and what some of those involved had declared, it goes without saying that the uprising was instigated from China, and the stage set by all, if not some, of the mandarins who had been here. 21 According to the Spanish sources (since the Chinese are silent about it), the Chinese had also been girding themselves for it.The Chinese Juan Bautista de Vera had been constructing a more or less fortified zone half-a-league from Tondo (which Argensola calls a clams refinery), where some provisions and arms were stored. c) The unfolding of events The actual struggle is already well known because it is what was most interesting to relate to the Spaniards. To summarize, we basically follow Morgas account The evening of October 3 (Friday). The uprising was scheduled to take place on the last day of Nov ember, but realizing that they were going to be discovered, the sangleys move it to the third of October.On this day, at 11 pm, about 2000 men (or according to the sangley who was under torture, 40 captains to 150 men), begin to gain in the fort of Tondo. That night, Juan Bautista de Vera visits the governor to inform him of what was happening. Thinking that de Vera was in cahoots with them, the governor throws him into prison. The Chinese, noting de Veras absence, appoint another Christian sangley, Juan Untae, de Veras godson, to replace him. 22 That same night, Luis Dasmarinas secures himself in the monastery of Binondo with a small group of soldiers.The Chinese fly into action, burning some houses and then returning to their fort. The morning of October 4 (Saturday). The sangleys of the Parian (that is, the peaceful old-timers identified with the Spaniards, some of whom are Christian) are asked to enter the city, but they refuse to do so due to doubts as to who would be the vic tor in this conflict. They decide to remain in the Parian. Dasmarinas leaves Binondo for Tondo to fortify himself in the church with 140 harquebusiers. A thousand and five hundred Chinese rebels show up.There is a fight to take over the church. Five hundred Chinese die, while the rest retreat to the fort. Dasmarinas pursues them and dies in the attempt. The Spaniards are thrown and twisted into confusion. October 5 (Sunday). Realizing that de Vera was not going to come, the rebels kill Untae and coerce the Parian residents into joining forces with them. As they make for Manila, they ravage everything that comes their way. The city puts up a tough resistance and many men die. In the evening, they retreat to the Parian and to Dilao.The 20 21 Blair Robertson. Vol. XII, p. 143. Idem, vol. XII, p. 155. 22 Sangley general Hontay (Argensola), or Juan Ontal (Tellez de Almazan). Itinerario, vol. 23, No. 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 8 Spaniards likewise press the Parian residents to side with them. O vercome by this psychological stress, some Chineseamong them, a relative of de Verahang themselves. Both sides brace themselves for a second attack. October 6 (Monday). Another assault and renewed resistance. A Spaniard, with the help of a Japanese corps, launches an unsuccessful offensive.An armada of Pintados shortly makes its way through the river and blasts the Chinese lines with canons. They divide themselves into three and penetrate the inland. One group makes for the Tingues of Pasig, another for Ayonbon Bayombong and the third, the most numerous, for Laguna de Bay, the mountains of San Pablo and the province of Batangas. October 8 (Wednesday) and the succeeding days The Chinese abandon the city. The Spaniards are hot in their pursuit. It seems that the first two groups are easily annihilated, since nothing more is said of them.The third group, starving and unarmed, leave a path of devastation. Luis de Velasco with 70 of his men is at their heels, killing many each day. Fina lly, Velasco perishes at the hands of the Chinese who set up fort in San Pablo. Argensola adds that the native Filipinos, instead of siding with the Chinese, lent a hand in the massacre. October 20. A new detachment of Spaniards, Japanese and 1500 natives of Pampanga and the Tagalog provinces is formed in Manila. They soon slay off all the Chinese who secured themselves in San Pablo and Batangas.The rebellion is quelled. October 22 (Argensolas date). Juan de Vera faces trial. In the succeeding days, other Chinese meet the same fate. Only 300 are pardoned, but the rest are sent to the galleys. The Chinese sources are less detailed in describing the operations, perhaps due to the handful of sangleys who survived. It is thus more difficult to establish a clear parallelism between the two accounts, since they cite actions that are not mentioned in the Spanish sources. Consequently, there is much discrepancy.The Ming Shi relates that when the Chinese discovered the Spaniards plot to mas sacre them, they retreated to Tsai Yuen (which may be translated as the plantation and which may refer to Juan Bautista de Veras strategic fort and to Argensolas sugar refinery). 23 Then, the Spanish chief sent soldiers to go after them (this may well refer to Luis Dasmarinas move or to the arrival of the army of Pintados). The Chinese were unarmed. Many were killed and the survivors fled to the Talun Mountain. 24 The Spaniards attacked the mountain once more, while the Chinese put up a desperate defense.The Spaniards suffered momentary defeat, which their chief (probably the captain of the expedition or the Governor himself) regretted, moving him to negotiate a truce. The Chinese, thinking that this was some trick, killed the messengers, thus driving the Spanish chief to exasperation. He abandoned their mountain camp and retreated to the neighboring town, simultaneously setting up ambush parties in the surrounding areas. The Chinese rebels were starving and so decided to go down th e mountain and plunder the town,25 only to be ambushed by the Spanish troops. Twenty five thousand Chinese perished in the mas23 CHEN, Mattew.