The Meditations of Zara Yaquob :: Philosophy Philosophers

The Meditations of Zara Yaquob (1)ABSTRACT Claude Sumner was the first English-speaking scholar to introduce the thoughts of Zara Yaquob to the philosophical world. Sumner undertook the arduous task of comparing Zara Yaquob with Descartes on methods of thinking. For Sumner, modern philosophy began in Ethiopia with Zara Yaquob at the same time as in England and France. In what follows, I will compare Descartes and Yaquob as well.IntroductionI would like Zara Yacob to introduce himself in his own wordsI was born in the land of the priests of Aksum. But I am the son of a poor farmer in the dominion of Aksum the day of my birth is 25th of Nahase 1592 A. D., the third year of the year of King Yaquob. By Christian baptism I was named Zara Yacob, but people called me Warqye. When I grew up, my father sent me to naturalise in view of my instruction. And after I had read the psalms of David my teacher said to my father This young son of yours is clever and has the patience to learn if you send him to a higher school, he will be a outgo and a doctor. After hearing this, my father sent me to report card zema. But my voice was rough and my throat was grating so my schoolmaster used to laugh at me and to tease me. I stayed there for three months, until I overcame my sadness and went to another master who taught qane and sawsaw. God gave me the talent to learn faster than my companions and thus compensated me for my previous disappointment I stayed there 4 years. During those days, God as it were snatched me from the claws of death, for as I was playing with my friends I fell into a ravine, and I do not know how I was saved except by a miracle from God. After I was saved I measured the depth of the ravine with a long rope and found it to be twenty-five fathoms and one palm deep. Thanking God for saving me, I went to the house of my master. After this I left for another school to study the interpretation of the Holy Scriptures. I remained ten years in this type of study I learned the interpretations of the Frang and of our own scholars. Oftentimes their interpretation did not agree with my reason but I withheld my opinion and hid in my heart all the thoughts of my mind.

Obsessive-compulsive Behaviors Essay -- essays research papers

Obsessive-Compulsive Behaviors     "Compulsive" and "obsessive" have become everyday words. "Imcompulsive" is how some(prenominal) people describe their need for neatness, punctuality,and shoes lined up in the closets. "Hes so compulsive is shorthand for callingsomeone uptight, controlling, and not much fun. "Shes haunt with him" is away of saying your friend is hopelessly lovesick. That is not how these wordsare used to describe Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder or OCD, a other andfascinating sickness of ritual and doubts run wild. OCD can begin suddenly andis usually seen as a problem as soon as it starts.     Compulsives (a depot for patients who mostly ritualize) and obsessives(those who think of something over and over again) rarely have rituals orthoughts about nuetral questions or behaviors. What are their rituals about?There are several come-at-able ways to list symptoms of OCD. All sources agree tha tthe most common preoccupations are dirt (washing, germs, touching), checking forsafety or closed spaces (closets, doors, drawers, appliances, light switches),and thoughts, often thoughts about impossible violent, sexual, or crudebehavior.     When the thoughts and rituals of OCD are intense, the victims work andhome life disintigrate. Obsessions are persistant, experienceless, worrisome, andoften times, embarrassing, or frightening thoughts that repeat over and over inthe theme in an imperishable loop. The automatic nature of these recurant thoughtsmakes them difficult for the person to ignore or restrain successfully.      The essence of a Compulsive Personality Disorder is normally found in arestricted person, who is a perfectionist to a degree that demands that othersto submit to hisher way of doing things. A compulsive personality is also often irresolute and excessively devoted to work to the exclusion of pleasure. Whenpleasure is co nsidered, it is something to be planned and worked for.Pleasurable activities are usually postponed and sometimes never even enjoyed.With severe compulsions, endless rituals dominate each day. Compulsions areincredibly repetitive and seemingly purposeful acts that result from theobsessions. The person performs certain acts according to certain rules or in astereotypi... ...ty to discard worn out or worthless      objects." (A.P.A.,80)     So much is asked about where our everyday lives stop and OCD begins.The behind of Obsessive -Compulsive Disorder is still unknown. The inference for abiological cause is compelling but unfortunately it is still necessary to speakof the biology of behavior in vague terms. The effect of a drug, and thenormality of many of the families with an OCD kid makes the importance of "poorupbringing" as a cause of OCD uncertain to say the least. This is a disease thatmay be thought of as doubts gone wild. Patients doubt their very own senses.They cannot believe any reasurance of everyday life.     Reassurance does not work. The notion that there is a biological basisfor a sense of "knowing" has interesting philosophical implications. We arenormally convinced that what we see and feel is truely there. If this is a"doubting disease," and if a chemical controls this sense of doubt, then is ourusual, normal belief in what our everyday senses and common sense tell ussimilarly determined by our brain chemistry?

The Art of Coffee :: essays research papers

The Art of umberWhen I began my job as a Barista at Mainline Coffee I knew next to nothing about this art. I enjoyed hanging out at chocolate shops with friends, and appreciated the energy boost drinking a instill could give me however, the sum of my knowledge appeared to be only that I knew how to brew coffee at home. I didnt know the differences between espresso and drip brew coffee, or the differences between a cappuccino and a latte. I was ignorant of how much more went into the process of creating good quality coffee. During my first few months there I strove to learn as much about this trade as possible. Similar to any other job that I have worked at, I felt that it was my job as a paid employee to be coif as fully qualified for the position as possible. An emphatic enthusiast about coffee, my manager Josh took me on a lower floor his wing and began to impart his vast sum of knowledge to me. Every day I worked with him he would teach me more and more about roasting techniq ues, contrastive origins of coffee and their complex trys, the best way to foam milk, and the correct names for specialty drinks. He worked on developing my palate for coffee by requiring me to taste each new origin we ordered and then, using coffee vernacular, describing it to the best of my ability. We would also have competitions between ourselves as to who could create the best micro-foam when frothing milk.As my knowledge of this art increased, I was excited by the potential that I was finding in coffee. I was able to experience excellent coffee and espresso, and it capable my eyes up to the fact that there was much more to coffee than the traditional Maxwell House, Folgers, or instant coffee could ever offer. Once roasted, coffee beans begin to oxidize, and they rapidly turn stale and bitter. Packing and refrigeration is able to slow down this process, however, it can never be prevented. Maxwell House, Folgers, and similar brands come already ground, and who knows how long they have been sitting on the shelf in the grocery store. The flavors brought out of these coffees cant compare to the rich, smooth, and full-bodied flavors of coffee that is of late roasted and ground immediately before brewing. I had discovered something that was good, and I wanted to share my new wealth of information with other coffee drinkers resembling myself.

Love and Hate in Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet :: Free Romeo and Juliet Essays

Romeo and Juliet is a play written by William Shakespeare. A prologue is included at the start of the play, which portrays the calamity between star-crossd lovers. Elizabethans believed that their requirement is in the stars and the prologue increases the anticipation as it shows the way they are destined. Shakespeare has also included devices to dramatise the themes of love and hate throughout the play. In Elizabethan times the audience were involved in the ongoing play. Shakespeare involves the audience in scenes such as the ballroom scene (Act 1, exposure 5.) In Act 1, Scene 5 Romeo enters an enemy?s ball where he and Juliet fall in love for the first time, which angers Tybalt.At the end of Act 1, Scene 4 the way is foreboding as Romeo believes that things could go wrong at the ball which he was to intrude on. He shows his fear by saying?I fear to early, for my melodic theme misgive some consequences yet hanging in the stars?Romeo shows his fear by saying ?fear too early?. Th is suggests that he believes something there was something not repair which made him highly anxious. There is a use of dramatic irony as the audience already know that there was to be problems because of the prologue, which makes keeps the interest from the audience. Elizabethans believed that their fate and destiny is written in the stars. The phrase ?hanging in the stars? which Romeo commented to himself, implies his destiny is in the stars, and it also suggests that because it is in the stars then the Elizabethan audience know decidedly that here are going to be ?consequences?.In the beginning of Act, Scene 5 the mood changes from worrying to joyful, as the guests begin to enter the ball which is held by Capulet who is welcoming them. The mood is uplifting because the party is ready to start. The joyful mood is shown when Capulet says?Welcome, Gentlemen Ladies that have toesUnplagu?d with corns will walk a bout with you.?The mood has changed sort of drastically from the end of Act 1, Scene 4 to Act 1, Scene 5. This is show by when Capulet is welcoming people to the ball, ?Welcome, Gentlemen? His excitement showed through the exclamation mark, which suggests that Capulet is dependable of energy which would lift the spirits of anyone who was to enter. The quotation creates the image of people bustling in, smiling and ready for the party.

Susan Sontag :: essays research papers

Susan Sontag, in "Against Interpretation," takes a very interesting critical base on the idea of literary interpretation. Unlike most literary critics, Sontag believes that literary criticism is growing increasingly destructive towards the very works of stratagem that they, supposedly, so greatly "appreciate" and "respect." Her standpoint could not be more accurate. Reading her work generates numerous questions, the most important of which is quite possibly, "How are we to take her final statement, In place of a hermeneutics we need an erotics of art." In the light of her previous statements, made without the work, one could only see this particular statement as an attempt to reach through the fog that blinds the majority of modern critics. According to Sontag, no work of art, especially literature, can escape the surgical eye of the modern critic therefore, what is to stop her take in work from coming under this blade of criticism? Sontags prepar ation for this criticism shows in the inclusion of her final statement. She has, in effect, laid a peg down for the modern critic (who just happens to be you, me, and practically every other reader) with her final statement as the bait. Once the critic picks apart that last sentence, he will see, with greater clarity, the veracity of her work. Throughout this work, Sontag makes many statements that invite interpretation. Critics may analyze her repeated references to Greek literature or possibly her use of internal imagery, but none could ignore the simplicity, brevity, and word choice that characterize the concluding sentence. The brevity of the final section is what catches the critical eye and the lurid choice of language is what pulls the critic in. The first question that the interpreter finds him/herself asking is, "Why hermeneutics and why erotics? There must be some significance to these terms." Analysis of these terms reveals the dickens extremes which Sontag ha s been comparing throughout her piece "hermeneutics" being an ideal term to describe the type of over-intellectualization that takes place with modern interpreters, and "erotics" being ideal for describing to just what extreme Sontag thinks art should be experienced. When the critics finally "excavates" this statement and, "...digs behind the text, to find a sub-text, which is the true one," he finds, low, and behold, the reinforcement of the very statement that Sontag has been inculcating throughout this piece. It does not take keen-sighted for the critic to realize that he/she has been duped.

Susan Sontag :: essays research papers

Susan Sontag, in "Against Interpretation," takes a very interesting dilettanteal rack on the idea of literary interpretation. Unlike most literary critics, Sontag believes that literary criticism is growing increasingly destructive towards the very works of art that they, supposedly, so greatly "appreciate" and "respect." Her standpoint could not be more accurate. Reading her work generates numerous questions, the most important of which is quite possibly, "How are we to take her utmost statement, In place of a hermeneutics we need an erotics of art." In the light of her previous statements, made passim the work, one could only see this particular statement as an attempt to reach through the fog that blinds the majority of new-made critics. According to Sontag, no work of art, especially literature, can escape the surgical philia of the modern critic therefore, what is to stop her own work from coming under this blade of criticism? Sontags prepa ration for this criticism shows in the inclusion of her final statement. She has, in effect, laid a trap for the modern critic (who just happens to be you, me, and practically every other reader) with her final statement as the bait. Once the critic picks apart that last sentence, he will see, with greater clarity, the veracity of her work. Throughout this work, Sontag makes many statements that invite interpretation. Critics may analyze her repeated references to Greek literature or possibly her use of sexual imagery, but none could ignore the simplicity, brevity, and word choice that characterize the concluding sentence. The brevity of the final section is what catches the critical eye and the lurid choice of words is what pulls the critic in. The first question that the interpreter finds him/herself asking is, "Why hermeneutics and why erotics? There must be some implication to these terms." Analysis of these terms reveals the two extremes which Sontag has been comparing throughout her piece "hermeneutics" being an ensample term to describe the type of over-intellectualization that takes place with modern interpreters, and "erotics" being ideal for describing to just what extreme Sontag thinks art should be experienced. When the critics finally "excavates" this statement and, "...digs behind the text, to find a sub-text, which is the true one," he finds, low, and behold, the reinforcement of the very statement that Sontag has been inculcating throughout this piece. It does not take long for the critic to realize that he/she has been duped.

Population Regulation for Environmental Conservation Essay

In the past few years, the worlds universe of discourse has been steadily rising. At present, global population reaping rate is at 1.167% while world population as of July 2007 is approximately 6.6 billion (Central Intelligence Agency, 2007). Demographers predict that in the prototypic decades of the 21st century, world population will bloat up to another 2 million (Global Science Panel, 2002). The rapid growth of population is very grand due to the massive threats it poses to the environment. In fact, many experts have observed that the increase of population is the major cause of environmental issues (Pebley, 1998, p. 378). This paper has identified three slipway in population negatively affects the environment. For one, an increase in population would mean an increase in the demands for resources. May these resources be natural or manmade, the main supplier of these resources food, water, and raw materials is the environment. The environments resources, however, is limited . It cannot support a continuously increasing population. Scarcity results from this constant demand of resources that the environment cannot provide. At present, the world is experiencing the effects of this scarcity. In southwestern United States, for example, the demand for water exceeded the available water flow. Researches predict that in a decade, water shortage will continue to spread tocopherol and northward (Resources and the Environment, 1972, p. 81). As much as this scarcity affects people, it also affects the other components of the environment such as plants and animals. Plants and animals also compete with humans for resources. Of course, in the rivalry for natural resources, humans obviously have the upper hand (due to technology) while plants and animals are often left to die because of the lack of available sustenance. In extremum cases, scarcity of resources causes the extinction of plant and animal species that cannot compete with others. Second, an increase in population signifies a need for bigger space in which people may put up settlements. Two situations may arise as an answer to this need for space. Either forestland is converted into housing areas (deforestation) or the number of people sustentation per square area of land increases. Usuall(a)y, both situations are implemented. As such, two unlike consequences also arise. The former often results in the destruction of natural habitats, which in turn may also lead to the extinction of species. On the other hand, pollution and poor sanitation arise from the latter. The succeeding discussion further explains this point. Lastly, a bigger population produces larger amounts of toss off. Waste here is often the by-product of consumption. As population increases, consumption also increases. To meet consumer demands, production is also increased. The unserviceable remains of production are disposed of as waste. After the population consumes these products, waste is also the outcome. The danger to the environment comes with waste disposal. Not everyone practices proper waste disposal. In addition, with the increasing volumes of waste products, solid waste management also becomes a problem. Because of these problems caused by population growth, there is a need to regulate the growth of population all over the world. As such, interactions among members of the global community are important because the problem that needs to be addressed encompasses a global scale. With assure to this, it is interesting to note that large increases in population sizes are characteristic of developing countries more than true countries. The 2006 World Data Sheet (2006) shows that more developed countries only exhibited a 0.1 rate of natural increase while less developed countries exhibited a 1.5 1.8 rate of natural increase (p. 5).The main causes for this may be the lack of proper education and awareness regarding birth control methods and family planning among developing countries an d the lack of policies that encourages the population regulation. Therefore, it becomes important that in the international level, leaders of different countries commune to create international policies that push for the regulation of world population especially in developing countries. In the local level, local governments should also grounds for population control in their areas. All these efforts emphasize the need for the interaction of different communities to regulate population. Through all these, it is evident that human beings can greatly affect the environment humans may either affect it positively (through efforts to conserve and preserve the environment) or negatively (as shown by the negative effects of population increase to the environment). At present though, most of the effects of human activities on the environment tend to lean towards the negative end of the spectrum. The environment is suffering a lot because of this massive air, land, and water pollution, dest ruction of natural habitats, and extinction of plant and animal species. In the end, it is clear that something should be done about this destruction of the environment. Otherwise, all things on earth will suffer the grave consequences of this human abuse.ReferencesCentral Intelligence Agency. (2007). The world factbook. Retrieved July 22, 2007 from https//www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/print/xx.htmlGlobal science panel on sustainable development, The. (2002). Population and Development Re see, 28. Retrieved July 22, 2007 from http//www.jstor.org/view/00987921/sp030002/03x0023w/0Pebley, A. R. (1998). Demography and the environment. Demography, 35. Retrieved July 21, 2007 from http//www.jstor.org/view/00703370/di009189/00p0020b/0Population Reference Bureau. (2006). 2006 world population data sheet. Retrieved July 22, 2007 from http//www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2006/2006WorldPopulationDataSheet.aspxResources and the environment. (1972). Studies in Family P lanning, 3. Retrieved July 21, 2007 from http//www.jstor.org/view/00393665/di961137/96p0083e/0

Why Is This Topic a Controversy Today

Why is this topic a controversy today? Social media is considered to be any web order that allows social interaction. (pediatrics) These include Facebook, MySpace, Twitter, YouTube and gaming sites to strike a few. Social media is a controversial topic, as it is believed that the youth of today spend far in addition much clipping using social media kind of of interacting face -to-face with people. Therefore it is possible that they lack the proper communication skills they will require to be successful in life.Most jobs require face-to-face interaction. Children have too much ingress too and argon spending too much time using forms of social media. 52% of all children now have access to one of the new mobile devices at home (smartphone, ipad, etc. ) (commonsensemedia. org) According to a recent poll, 22% of teenagers log on to their favorite social media site more than 10 times a day and more than half of adolescents log onto a social media site more than once a day. pediatrics) By the age of 5 more than 50% of children regularly interact with a computer or tablet device, and by 7 or 8 they regularly play video games and teenagers text an average of 3,400 times a month. (www. cnn) These are scantily a few of the available stats to support the inappropriate amount of time spent on social media of the youth today. It is through the childhood and teenage years that one develops socially and emotionally.It appears that most of this generations social and emotional development is occurring maculation on the Internet and cell phones. 75%of teenagers now own cell phones, and 25% procedure them for social media, 54% use them for texting, and 24% use them for min messaging. (pediatrics) According to another study, kids that spent more time using social media reported lower grades, and lower levels of personal contentment, more likely to get in trouble, more sad, and more bored. (commonsensemedia. rg) A study controversy is that some children are accessing ina ppropriate sites as there are no protective safeguards to prevent this. wiz such example is Facebook which requires users to be at least 13 years of age to open an account. Last year more than 7. 5 jillion American kids under the age of 13 had joined Facebook. (www. cnn. com) The time spent using social media takes a child/youth away from actual physical activity. We are already considered to have a large obese population this will just continue to foster that.This in turn leads to other problems such as increased health issues and in turn increased medical costs for a society that already has a health system that is being taxed delinquent to insufficient funding and staffing. A final but very significant area of controversy due to the use of social media by todays youth is the increase in cyber bullying. It is far easier to say something online than it is to someones face. There are several alarming statistics with regard to cyber bullying. Below are just a few from the site (ww w. internetsafety101. rg) -66% of teens who have witnessed online cruelty have also witnessed others joining21% say they have also joined in the agony -52% of parents are worried their child will be bullied via social networking sites -1 in 6 parents know their child has been bullied through a social networking site -one million children were harassed, threatened or subjected to other forms of cyber bullying on Facebook during the past year. How are children and youth being represented? Children are being represented as the major users of social media, and therefore they are focusing their sites to attract the child users.Children are drawn to use social media as it is a very human hold to be heard and connect with others and there is a desire to make a difference and influence the world around them. (blog neilson) Although there are many an(prenominal) negatives attached to social media, one of which is that social media takes children and youth away from reading traditional boo ks. Another side of this equation is to find innovative ways to use social media to motivate children and youth to learn about books or obtaining information from other sources than traditional reading material.

Novel by Haruki Murakami Essay

The short story On Seeing the 100% Perfect daughter One Beautiful April Morning by Haruki Murakami connects with the reader through the idea that you can encounter true love by chance. Unfortunately, that chance can make water away from you without any real action from yourself. The story is set in Tokyo in 1981 on what is described as a beautiful April morning. It sounds give care a regular day, what made it beautiful for the main character was that he saw the girlfriend that was 100% perfect girl for him. The methods of fiction help us better understand and connect to stories. The narration is done in the first and third person points of view. The first person point of view inserts the reader into the situation, do the story very personal. The third person narrative gives a different, larger perspective on the story and gives us more of an insight into the concept of chance.From a characterization stand point the main character is portrayed as a regular person and really only encounters a regular girl save in his eyes, she is really more like a girl from another world. There is one other person in the story but only provides a little bit of dialogue and is not developed at all. The third person narrative develops the two different main characters in ways first person does not. The overall tone of the story is somber. The idea of once having your true love so close then letting sight run its course only to never feel the same way again is depressing As a whole, this story connects the reader to an event that numerous have probably encountered in their life seeing the perfect person, just for a second but not taking action. We go on with our lives and theorize nothing of it but this story delves a bit deeper into a possible scenario connecting the two people. In the end however, the characters still lose each other.

Dtmf Remote Appliance Control System Using Mobile Phone

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This ascertain DTMF REMOTE APPLIANCE CONTROL SYSTEM USING MOBILE prefigure is utilise to manoeuvre appliances which ar far away from the substance ab exploiter exploitation mobile phone. The aim of the proposed transcription is to develop a cost effective solution that go expose pull up stakes keep backling of sept appliances remotely and enable home security against intrusion in the absence of homeowner. The turns connected as home and office appliances consume galvanising reason and they should be have gotled as well as turn on /off if required. Most of the time, it was done manually.Now it is a necessity to figure devices more than effectively and efficiently at anytime from anywhere. Take an instant when we be going to office and suddenly remembered that to project off the micro shudder oven we fell convenient if we could switch off without going back to home, in such situations this project comes to our rescue. In this system, we ar going to develop a cellular phone based home/office appliance masterler for envisionling ar minute of arcrary devices. This includes a mobile phone which is connected to the system via head make out.To activate the mobile phone building block on the system, a peal is to be do and as the refer is answered (auto answer flair), in response the user would enter a stretch forthword to gate the system to control devices. As the telephoneer presses the specific button on the keypad, it moments in turning ON or OFF specific device and the device switching is achieved by pass alongs. In this project, we designed a basic model and it is use to control 4 lights exploitation a mobile phone, micro-controller and transceiver. The maximum mo of devices that nominate be operated forget be the offspring of buttons present on the keypad of mobile phone. . 1 engine block diagram prognosticate 1. 1 Block Diagram Fig 1. 1 represents the block diagram of DTMF Remote Appliance Control System using Mobile phone, used to control the appliances present at a distance. Brief Description of Hardw be Modules The DTMF Remote Appliance Control System consists of 1. Mobile Phone 2. MT8888 DTMF Transceiver 3. Philips 89C51 Micro-controller 4. Liquid Crystal pomp 5. Power tot up Unit 6. Relay Driver 7. Relays 8. Devices 1. 2. 1 Mobile Phone Mobile Phone is used as a media to instruct the micro controller to force out ON/OFF the appliances.The mobile phone used here is Nokia 6030 as it has the required features and is interfaced with the transceiver through ear phones. 1. 2. 2 MT8888 DTMF Transceiver The MT8888C is a monolithic DTMF transceiver with annunciate back happen come home. The transceiver consists of transmitter and receiver. The DTMF signals ar transmitted through transmitter and they argon received by the mobile phone and de polityd using a DTMF receiver/decoder ICs. 1. 2. 3 PHILIPS 89C51 Micro Controller The PHILIPS 89C51 is a wretched cost micro-contro ller.It has a 40 pin configuration and contains non volatile Flash computer storage of 64KB which is both check off broadcastmable and serial in system chopinemable computer memory. 1. 2. 4 liquid crystal display display The liquid crystal display unit receives character codes (8 bits per character) from a microprocessor or microcomputer, latches the codes to its display rentive information beat in (80 byte DD grind away for storing 80 characters), transforms separately character code into a 57 dot matrix character pattern, and displays the characters on its liquid crystal display screen. 1. 2. 5 Power sum Unit The condition supply unit is used to give up a aeonian 5V supply to different ICs.This is a cadence circuit using outside(a) 12V DC adapter and fixed 3-pin electromotive force regulator. Diode is added in series to avoid reverse potency. 1. 2. 6 Relay Driver The ULN2003 is a noble- electromotive force, heights- circulating(prenominal) pricey ton engager co mprising of seven NPN darling ton distichs. For high stimulant impedance, we may use devil transistors to form a darling ton p course and this couple up in CC configuration provides input impedance as high as 2Mohms. 1. 2. 7 Relays Relays are remote control electrical switches that are controlled by or so other switch, such as a horn switch or a computer as in a former gear up control module.Relays al dispirited a small current flow circuit to control a high current circuit. 1. 2. 8 Devices The devices can be micro-wave oven, bulbs, fans, air cooler, etc which are far away from the user. The micro-controller plays the intelligent part in controlling these devices. 1. 3 Working This project is used to control the appliances present at a distance using a mobile phone. The initial step is the user should make a handle to the mobile phone, which is in auto answer mode and thus call gets connected. The user presses the digits present over the keypad of his phone for controlli ng the appliances present at home or office.Whenever a button is press a dance step is generated and it is transferred to the mobile phone present in the home or office, which is interfaced with the DTMF transceiver. The DTMF receiver decodes the tone generated and it activates the controller accordingly. The controller operates the devices according to the coding trammel by the user. The status of the devices whether they are ON/OFF is indicated in the liquid crystal display. CHAPTER 2 MT8888 DTMF TRANSCEIVER Introduction The MT8888C is a monolithic DTMF transceiver with call hand filter. It is fabricated using CMOS applied science and it offers low advocator consumption and high reliability.The receiver section is based upon the industry standardised MT8870 DTMF receiver, while the transmitter utilizes a switched capacitor D/A converter for low distortion, high accuracy DTMF signaling. Internal counters provide a burst mode such that tone bursts can be transmitted with skil lful time. A call senesce filter can be selected allowing a microprocessor to analyze call progress tones. The MT8888C utilizes an Intel micro interface, which allows the device to be connected to a number of popular microcontrollers with minimal international system of logic.The applications of DTMF transceiver include credit card systems, paging systems, repeater systems, inter connector dialers, mobile radio and personal computers. In our project, it is used for decoding the tone generated by the user when he presses a button of the keypad. afterwards decoding the tone, it is given to the microcontroller for controlling the appliances. Features The features of MT8888 DTMF transceiver include 20 pin DIP packet boat Central office quality DTMF transmitter/receiver Low power consumption proud speed Intel micro interface Compatible with 6800 microprocessorsAdjustable have time Automatic tone burst mode Call progress tone identifyion up to -30dbm Microprocessor embrasure dro p Diagram & Description take in 2. 1 DTMF Pin Diagram type 2. 1 shows the pin diagram of MT8888 and the description of the monolithic IC is as shown in the following table 2. 1. disconcert 2. 1 Description of Pins of DTMF Transceiver Pin NoNameDescription 1IN+Non-inverting op-amp input 2IN-Inverting op-amp input. 3GSGain bring. Gives access to outfit of front end differential amplifier for joining of feedback resistor. 4VrefReference Voltage output (VDD/2). VSSGround (0V). 6OSC1DTMF clock/oscillator input. Connect a 4. 7M? resistor to VSS if crystal oscillator is used. 7OSC2Oscillator output. A 3. 579545 MHz crystal connected between OSC1 and OSC2 completes the cozy oscillator circuit. Leave open circuit when OSC1 is driven foreignly. 8TONEyield from internal DTMF transmitter. 9WRWrite microprocessor input. TTL compatible. 10CSChip look at input. restless Low. This signal must be qualified immaterially by destination latch enable (ALE) signal. 11RS0 establish Select input. TTL compatible. 12RD testify microprocessor input. TTL compatible. 3IRQ/CPInterrupt Request/Call Progress (open drain) output. In develop mode, this output goes low when a valid DTMF tone burst has been transmitted or received. In call progress mode, this pin willinging output a rectangular signal representative of the input signal applied at the input op-amp. The input signal must be within the bandwidth limits of the call progress filter. 14-17D0-D3Microprocessor information Bus. High impedance when CS=1or RD=1. TTL compatible. 18EStEarly Steering output. Presents logic high once the digital algorithmic rule has detected a valid tone pair (signal civilise).Any momentary loss of signal condition will cause ESt to return to a logic low. 19St/GTSteering Input/Guard Time output (bidirectional). A voltage greater than V ts detected at St causes the device to biography the detected tone pair and updated output latch. A voltage less than V tst frees the device to accept a n ew tone pair. The GT output acts to reset the external steering time- everlasting its state is a function of ESt and the voltage on St. 20VDDPositive power supply (5V regular(prenominal)). 2. 4 Functional DescriptionThe MT8888C Integrated DTMF Transceiver consists of a high performance DTMF receiver with an internal gain setting amplifier and a DTMF origin which employs a burst counter to synthesize precise tone bursts and give aways. A call progress mode can be selected so that frequencies within the specified pass band can be detected. The Intel micro interface allows microcontrollers, such as the 8080, 80C31/51 and 8085, to access the MT8888C internal storys. The block diagram of DTMF transceiver is as shown in hear 2. 2. Figure 2. 2 Block Diagram of DTMF Transceiver 2. 5 Call Progress interpenetrateA call progress mode using the MT8888C can be selected allowing the detection of various tones, which identify the progress of a telephone call on the ne dickensrk. The call pro gress tone input and DTMF input are commonplace however call progress tones can solitary(prenominal) be detected when CP mode has been selected. DTMF signals can non be detected if CP mode has been selected. Figure 2. 3 indicates the useful detect bandwidth of the call progress filter. Frequencies presented to the input, which are within the accept bandwidth limits of the filter are hard limited by a high gain comparator with the IRQ/CP pin answer as the output.The square wave output obtained from the Schmitt trigger can be analyzed by a microprocessor or counter arrangement to determine the temperament of the call progress tone being detected. Frequencies which are in the reject area will not be detected and consequently the IRQ/CP pin will remain low. Figure 2. 3 Call Progress Response 2. 6 DTMF generator The DTMF transmitter employed in the MT8888C is capable of generating all sixteen standard DTMF tone pairs with low distortion and high accuracy. All frequencies are derived from an external 3. 579545 MHz crystal.The sinusoidal waveforms for the individual tones are digitally synthesized using row and pillar broadcastmable dividers and switched capacitor D/A converters. The row and column tones are mixed and filtered providing a DTMF signal with low total harmonic distortion and high accuracy. To repair a DTMF signal, selective information conforming to the encoding format shown in control board 2. 2 must be import to the transmit Data Register. Note that this is the alike as the receiver output code. The individual tones which are generated (f LOW and f HIGH) are referred to as Low Group and High Group tones.As seen from the table, the low group frequencies are 697, 770, 852 and 941 Hz. The high group frequencies are 1209, 1336, 1477 and 1633 Hz. Typically the high group to low group amplitude ratio (twist) is 2 dB to overcompensate for high group attenuation on long loops. The period of each(prenominal) tone consists of 32 equal time segment s. The period of a tone is controlled by varying the length of these time segments. During hold open operations to the extend Data Register the 4 bit information on the double-decker is latched and converted to 2 of 8 coding for use by the programmable divider circuitry.This code is used to specify a time segment length, which will ultimately determine the relative frequency of the tone. When the divider reaches the appropriate count, as determined by the input code, a reset urge is issued and the counter starts again. The number of time segments is fixed at 32 however, by varying the segment length as described above the frequency can alike be varied. The divider output clocks another counter, which utteres the sine wave lookup ROM. Table 2. 2 DTMF Tones FLOWFHIGHDIGITD3D2D1D0 697120910001 697133620010 697147730011 770120940100 770133650101 770147760110 852120970111 52133681000 852147791001 941133601010 9411209*1011 94114771100 6971633A1101 7701633B1110 8521633C1111 9411633 D0000 Note 0= LOGIC LOW, 1= LOGIC HIGH The lookup table contains codes which are used by the switched capacitor D/A converter to obtain discrete and highly accurate DC voltage levels. Two identical circuits are employed to produce row and column tones, which are whence mixed using a low noise summing amplifier. The oscillator described needs no start-up time as in other DTMF generators since the crystal oscillator is running continuously thus providing a high degree of tone burst accuracy.A bandwidth limiting filter is co-ordinated and serves to attenuate distortion products above 8 kHz. It can be seen from Figure 2. 4 that the distortion products are very low in amplitude. Figure 2. 4 Spectrum Plot 2. 7 Receiver Section Separation of the low and high group tones is achieved by applying the DTMF signal to the inputs of cardinal sixth-order switched capacitor band pass filters, the bandwidths of which twin to the low and high group frequencies. These filters incorporate notches a t 350 Hz and 440 Hz for exceptional dial tone rejection.Each filter output is followed by a single order switched capacitor filter section, which smoothes the signals prior to limiting. Limiting is performed by high-gain comparators which are provided with hysterics to prevent detection of un asked low-level signals. The outputs of the comparators provide full cartroad logic swings at the frequencies of the incoming DTMF signals. Following the filter section is a decoder employing digital counting techniques to determine the frequencies of the incoming tones and to verify that they correspond to standard DTMF frequencies.A complex averaging algorithm protects against tone simulation by extraneous signals such as voice while providing tolerance to small frequency deviations and variations. This averaging algorithm has been developed to ensure an optimum combination of immunity to talk-off and tolerance to the presence of interfering frequencies (third tones) and noise. When the dete ctor recognizes the presence of two valid tones (this is referred to as the signal condition in some industry specifications) the Early Steering (ESt) output will go to an active state.Any subsequent loss of signal condition will cause ESt to assume an inactive state. The DTMF keypad is as shown in figure 2. 5 Figure 2. 5 Typical DTMF Keypad 123A697 Hz 456B770 Hz 789C852 Hz *0D941 Hz 1209 Hz1336 Hz1477 Hz1633 Hz 2. 8 Burst Mode In certain telephony applications it is required that DTMF signals being generated are of a specific continuance determined both by the particular application or by any one of the exchange transmitter specifications currently existing. Standard DTMF signal timing can be accomplished by making use of the Burst Mode.The transmitter is capable of issuing symmetric bursts/pauses of predetermined length. This burst/pause duration is 51 ms 1 ms, which is a standard interval for auto dialer and central office applications. After the burst/pause has been issued, the appropriate bit is set in the place Register indicating that the transmitter is tapey for more information. The timing described above is available when DTMF mode has been selected. However, when CP mode (Call Progress mode)is selected, the burst/pause duration is doubled to 102 ms 2 ms.Note that when CP mode and Burst mode have been selected, DTMF tones may be transmitted only and not received. In applications where a non-standard burst/pause time is desirable, a software timing loop or external timer can be used to provide the timing pulses when the burst mode is disabled by enabling and disabling the transmitter. Microprocessor interface The MT8888C incorporates an Intel microprocessor interface which is compatible with fast versions (16 MHz) of the 80C51. No wait cycles need to be inserted. Figure 2. 6 and Figure 2. are the timing diagrams for the Intel 8031, 8051 and 8085 (5 MHz) microcontrollers. By NANDing the address latch enable (ALE) output with the high-byte addres s (P2) decode output, CS is generated. Figure 2. 8 summarizes the connection of these Intel processors to the MT8888C transceiver. Figure 2. 6 8031/8051/8085 Read Timing Diagram Figure 2. 7 8031/8051/8085 Write Timing Diagram Figure 2. 8 MT8888C Interface Connections for mingled Intel Micros The microprocessor interface provides access to five internal registers.The read-only Receive Data Register contains the decoded output of the last valid DTMF digit received. Data entered into the write-only Transmit Data Register will determine which tone pair is to be generated. Transceiver control is accomplished with two control registers (see Table 2. 3 and Table 2. 4), CRA and CRB, which have the same address. A write operation to CRB is executed by premiere setting the most significant bit (b3) in CRA. The following write operation to the same address will then be directed to CRB, and subsequent write cycles will be directed back to CRA.The read-only status register indicates the curren t transceiver state (see Table 2. 5). Table 2. 3 Control Register A Description BITNAME explanation b0TOUTTone Output Control. system of logic high enables the tone output a logic low turns the tone output off. This bit controls all transmit tone functions. b1CP/DTMFCall Progress or DTMF Mode Select. A logic high enables the receive call progress mode a logic low enables DTMF mode. In CP mode a rectangular wave representation of the received tone signal will be present on the IRQ/CP output pin if IRQ has been enabled (Control Register A,b2=1).In order to be detected, CP signals must be within the bandwidth specified in the AC galvanising Characteristics for Call Progress. Note DTMF signals cannot be detected when CP mode is selected. b2IRQInterrupt Enable. A logic high enables the interrupt function a logic low when either 1) a valid DTMF signal has been received for a valid guard time duration, or 2) the transmitter is ready for more info (burst mode only). b3RSELRegister Selec t. A logic high selects control register B for the next write cycle to the control register address.After writing to control register B, the following control register write cycle will be directed to control register A. Table 2. 4 Control Register B Description BITNAME DESCRIPTION b0 BURSTBurst Mode Select. Logic high de-activates burst mode a logic low enables burst mode. When activated, the digital code representing a DTMF signal can be written to the transmit register, which will result in a transmit DTMF tone burst and pause of equal durations (typically 51msec). Following the pause, the status register will be updated (b1-Transmit Data Register Empty) and an interrupt will occur if the interrupt mode has been enabled.When CP mode (control register A, b1) is enabled the normal tone burst and pause durations are extended from a typical duration of 51msec to 102 msec. When BURST is high (de-activated) the transmit tone burst duration is determined by the TOUT bit (control register A, b0). b1TESTTest Mode Control. Logic high enables the test mode a logic low de-activates the test mode. When TEST is enabled and DTMF mode is selected (control register A, b1=0), the signal present on the IRQ/CP pin will be analogous to the state of the delayed steering bit of the status register. 2 S/DSingle or Dual Tone Generation. Logic high selects the single tone output a logic low selects the dual tone output. The single tone generation function registers further natural selection of either the row or column tones (Low or high group) through the C/R bit (control register B,b3). b3 C/RColumn or Row tone select. Logic high selects a column tone output, a logic low selects a row tone output. This function is used in companionship with the S/D bit (control register B, b2). Table 2. 5 place Register Description BITNAMESTATUS OF FLAGSTATUS FLAG CLEARED 0IRQInterrupt has occurred. Bit one (b1) or bit two (b2) is set. Interrupt is inactive. exculpated after status register is r ead. b1Transmit data register empty(Burst Mode only)Pause duration has terminated and transmitter is ready for new data. Cleared after Status Register is read or when in non-burst mode. b2Receive Data Register FullValid data is in the Receive Data Register. Cleared after Status Register is read. b3 Delayed SteeringSet upon the valid detection in the absence of a DTMF signal. Cleared upon the detection of a valid DTMF signal.A software reset must be included at the beginning of all programs to initialize the control registers upon power-up or power reset (see Figure 19). Refer to Tables 4-7 for bit descriptions of the two control registers. The multiplexed IRQ/CP pin can be programmed to generate an interrupt upon validation of DTMF signals or when the transmitter is ready for more data (burst mode only). Alternatively, this pin can be tack to provide a square wave output of the call progress signal. The IRQ/CP pin is an open drain output and requires an external pull-up resistor. 2 . DTMF Registers and initialization The DTMF has two control registers, one transmits register, one receives register, and one status register. Along with this there is a data buffer which is the entry point for the data for the DTMF to drop dead with the microcontroller depending upon the give control signals on the DTMF control pins like rs0,r/w, and the data from the data buffer is communicated with the DTMF. The combination of rs0 and r/w pins will give the following result as shown in table 2. 6. Table 2. 6 DTMF Internal Registers RS0R/WFUNCTION 00Write to Transmit Data Register 1Read from Receive Data Register 10Write to Control Register 11Read from Status Register Initialization of DTMF A software reset must be included at the beginning of all programs to initialize the control registers after power up. The initialization procedure should be implemented 100ms after power up. Description Control Data CS RS0 R/W b3 b2 b1 b0 Read status register 0 1 1 x x x Write to control r egister 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Write to control register 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Write to control register 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Write to control register 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Read status register 0 1 1 x x x x Transmission using DTMFThe DTMF has to receive a command to transmit and then the data to send. Consider an example of sending a 50 ms tone- 50 ms pause burst. The procedure is as follows. CS RS0 R/W b3 b2 b1 b0 1. Write to Control Register A 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 (Tone out, DTMF, IRQ, Select Control Register B) 2) Write to Control Register B 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 (Burst mode) 3) Write to Transmit Data Register 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 (Send a digit 7)Reception using DTMF Reception is carried out by checking the status of DTMF for a valid data in receive register and then receive it by a command. The procedure is as follows. 1) Read the Status Register 0 1 1 x x x x -if bit 1 is set, the Tx is ready for the next tone, in which courting Write to Transmit Register 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 (Send a digit 5) -if bit 2 is set, a DTMF tone has been received, in which case. Read the Receive Data Register 0 0 1 x x x -if both bits are set Read the Receive Data Register 0 0 1 x x x x Write to Transmit Data Register 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 Thus the initialization of DTMF Transceiver is done using the internal registers according to ur requirements and then it is used for decoding the tones generated by the user. CHAPTER 3 THE MICROCONTROLLER 3. 1 Introduction Phillips 89C51 contains a non-volatile FLASH program memory that is both pair programmable and serial in system and in application programmable.It is an 8-bit micro controller from MHS-51 Intel family with 4K bytes of flash and 128 bytes of internal RAM. It has 40-pin configuration and it takes input from the external firsts and routes them to the appropriate devices as programmed in it. Features The features of PHILIPS 89C51 include 80C51 Central process Unit On-chip FLASH chopine Memory Speed up to 33 MHz Fully Static Operation RAM expandable externally up to 64 Kbytes Four interr upt priority levels Six interrupt sources Four 8-bit I/O ports Full-duplex enhanced UART Framing error detection Automatic address recognitionPower Control Modes Clock can be stopped and resumed Idle Mode Power down Mode Programmable clock out snatch DPTR register Asynchronous behavior Reset Watchdog Timer Pin Diagram & Description VCC Supply voltage. GND Ground. Port 0 Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed low order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pull-ups.Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash schedule, and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification. Figure 3. 1 Pin Diagram of 89C51 Micro Controller Port 1 Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-dire ctional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups.Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification. Port 2 Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that uses 16-bit addresses (MOVX DPTR).In this application, it uses strong internal pull- ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that uses 8-bit addresses (MOVX RI), Port 2 emits the limits of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification. Port 3 Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs.As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C51 as listed below Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification. The alternate functions of Port 3 are as shown in table 3. 1. Table 3. 1 Alternate Functions of Port 3 Port PinAlternate Functions P3. 0RXD(serial input port) P3. 1TXD(serial output port) P3. 2 INT0(external interrupt 0) P3. 3INT1(external interrupt 1) P3. 4T0(Timer 0 external interrupt) P3. 5T1(Timer 1 external interrupt) P3. WR(external data memory write strobe) P3. 7RD(external data memory read strobe) RST Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. ALE/PROG Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data Memory.If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the mi crocontroller is in external execution mode. PSEN Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory. EA/VPP External Access Enable.EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting signal at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming, for parts that require12-volt VPP. XTAL1 Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. XTAL2 Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.Oscillator Characteristics XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 3. 2. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be odd unconnected while XTAL1 is driven . There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed.Figure 3. 2 Crystal Oscillator Architecture of PHILIPS 89C51 The architecture of PHILIPS 89C51 is as shown in figure 3. 3 below and the modes of operation include idle mode and power down mode. Idle Mode In idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the on chip peripherals remain active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special functions registers remain unchanged during this mode. The idle mode can be termin ated by any enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset.It should be noted that when idle is terminated by a hardware reset, the device normally resumes program execution, from where it left off, up to two machine cycles before the internal reset algorithm takes control. On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in this event, but access to the port pins is not inhibited. To take place the possibility of an unexpected write to a port pin when Idle is terminated by reset, the instruction following the one that invokes Idle should not be one that writes to a port pin or to external memory. Figure 3. 3 Architecture of PHILIPS 89C51 Micro-controller Power-down ModeIn the power-down mode, the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes power-down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and Special Function Registers retain their values until the power-down mode is terminated. The only exit from power-down is a hardware reset. Reset redefines the SFRs but does n ot change the on-chip RAM. The reset should not be activated before VCC is restored to its normal operating level and must be held active long enough to allow the oscillator to restart and stabilize. Table 3. 2 Idle and power down modes ModeProgram MemoryALEPSENPORT0PORT1PORT2PORT3 IdleInternal11DataDataDataDataIdleExternal11FloatDataAddressData Power downInternal00DataDataDataData Power downExternal00FloatDataDataData Timer 0 and Timer 1 The Timer or Counter function is selected by control bits C/T in the Special Function Register TMOD. These two Timer/Counters have four operating modes, which are selected by bit-pairs (M1, M0) in TMOD. Modes 0, 1, and 2 are the same for both Timers/Counters. Mode 3 is different. Memory Organization During the runtime, micro controller uses two different types of memory one for holding the program being executed (ROM memory), and the other for temporary storage of data and auxiliary variables (RAM memory).Depending on the particular model from 8051 family, this is usually few kilobytes of ROM and 128/256 bytes of RAM. This join is built-in and is sufficient for common tasks performed independently by the MCU. However, 8051 can address up to 64KB of external memory. CHAPTER 4 SERIAL COMMUNICATION 4. 1 Introduction When a micro processor communicates with the outside world, it provides data in byte-size chunks. In some cases, such as printers, the information is simply grabbed from the 8bit data bus of the printer. This can work only if the cable is not too long, since long cables diminish and ever distort signals.Furthermore, an 8-bit data path is expensive. For these reasons, serial communication is used for transferring data between two systems located at distances of hundreds of feet to millions of miles apart. The fact that in serial communication a single data line is used instead of the 8bit data line of parallel communication makes it not only much cheaper but also makes it possible for two computers located in two d ifferent cities to communicate over the telephone. consecutive data communication uses two methods, asynchronous and synchronous.The asynchronous method transfers a block of data at a time while the synchronous data transfers a single byte at a time. It a mean possible to write software to use either of these methods, but the programs can be wearisome and long. For this reason, there are special IC chips made by many another(prenominal) a(prenominal) manufacturers for serial data communications. This chips are commonly referred to as UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) and USART (Universal coincident Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter). The ARM has built in UARTs. Figure 4. 1 Serial Communication 4. Asynchronous Serial Communication & Data Framing The data coming in at the receiving end of the data line in a serial data transfer is all 0s and 1s it is difficult to make sense of data unless the sender and receiver agree on a set of rules, a protocol, on how the dat a is packed, how many bits constitute the character, and when the data begins and ends. Start and Stop bits Asynchronous serial data communication is widely used for character orientation transmissions. In the asynchronous method, each character is placed in between start and stop bits. This is called framing.In data framing for asynchronous communications, the data, such as ASCII characters, are packed in between a start bit and a stop bit. The start bit is always one bit but the stop bit can be one or two bits. The start bit is always a 0 and the stop bit is 1. Parity bit In some systems in order to maintain data integrity, the parity bit of the character byte is included in the data frame. This means that for each character we have a single parity bit in addition to start bit and stop bits. The parity bit is particular(a) or even. In case of an odd parity bit the number of data bits including parity bit is even.Data transfer rate The rate of data transfer in serial data communic ation is stated in bps(bits per second). Another widely used terminology for bps in baud rate. Baud rate is defined as the number of signal changes per second. As far as the conductor wire is concerned, the baud rates as bps are the same. Data framing Figure 4. 2 Data Framing 4. 3 RS232 Standard To allow compatibility among the data communication equipment made by various manufacturers an interfacing standard called RS232, was set by the Electronic Industries crosstie (EIA) in 1960.RS232 is the most widely used serial input-output interfacing standard. In RS232, a 1 is represented by -3 to -25v, while a 0 bit is +3 to +25v. To connect any RS232 to a micro controller, voltage converters such as easy lay232 are used. Max 232 IC chips are commonly referred to as line drivers. RS232 connectors The RS232 connector is as shown in figure 4. 3 and the working of pins is described in table 4. 1 Figure 4. 3 RS232 Connector Table 4. 1 Pin description of RS232 Connector Pin noFunction 1CD-Ca rrier Detector 2RxD-Receive Data 3TxD-Transmit Data DTR-Data Terminal Request 5GND-Signal Ground 6DSR-Data Set Ready 7RTS-Request To Send 8CTS-Clear To Send 9RI-Ring Indicator MAX 232 The RS 232 is not compatible with microcontroller, so a line driver converts the RS 232s signals to TTL voltage levels. The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver that includes a capacitive voltage generator to supply TIA/EIA-232-F voltage levels from a single 5v supply. Each receiver converts TIA/EIA-232-F inputs to 5v TTL/CMOS levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1. 3v, a typical hysteresis of 0. v, and can accept 30v inputs. Each driver converts TTL/CMOS input levels into TIA/EIA-232-F levels. Transfer between microcontroller and RS 232c Figure 4. 4 RS232 Level to TTL Level Conversion CHAPTER 5 smooth-spoken CRYSTAL DISPLAY 5. 1 Introduction The liquid crystal display unit receives character codes (8 bits per character) from a microprocessor or microcomputer, latches the codes to its displ ay data RAM (80-byteDD RAM for storing 80 characters), transforms each character code into a 57 dot matrix character pattern, and displays the characters on its liquid crystal display screen.The liquid crystal display unit incorporates a character generator ROM which produces 160 different 57 dot-matrix character patterns. The unit also provides a character generator RAM (64 bytes) through which the user may define up to eight additional 57 dot matrix character patterns, as required by the application. To display a character, mystifyal data is sent via the data bus from the microcontroller to the LCD unit, where it is written into the instruction register. A character code is then sent and written into the Data register. The LCD unit displays the corresponding character pattern in the specified position.The LCD unit can either increment or decrement the display position automatically after each character entry, so that only successive characters codes need to be entered to display a continuous character string. The display/cursor shift instruction allows the entry of characters in either the left-to-right or right to left direction. 5. 2 Features The features of liquid crystal display include Interface with either 4-bit or 8-bit microprocessor. Display data RAM. 80 x8 bits (80 characters). Character generator ROM 160 different 5 x7 dot-matrix character patterns. Character generator RAM. different user programmed 5 x7 dot-matrix patterns. Display data RAM and character generator RAM may be accessed by the microprocessor. Numerous instructions. Clear Display, Cursor Home, Display ON/OFF, Cursor. ON/OFF, Blink Character, Cursor Shift, Display Shift. Built-in reset circuit is triggered at power ON. 5. 3 Pin diagram Figure 5. 1 LCD Pin Diagram 5. 4 Pin description VCC, VSS and VEE While VCC and VSS provide + 5 V on and ground, respectively, VEE is used for controlling LCD contrast. RS register select There are two very important registers inside LCD. The RS pin is used for their selection as follows.Is RS= 0, the instruction command code register is selected, allowing the user to send a command such as clear display, Cursor at home, etc. if RS=1 the data register is selected, allowing the user to send data to be displayed on the LCD. R/W read/write R/W input allows the user to write information to the LCD or read information from it. R/W=1 when reading R/W=0 when writing. E enable The LCD to latch information presented to its data pins uses the enable pin. When data is supplied to data pins, a high to low pulse must be applied to this pin in order for the LCD to latch in the data present at the data pins.This pulse must be a minimum of 450 ns wide. D0-D7 The 8-bit data pins, D0-D7, are used to send information to the LCD or read the contest of the LCD internal registers. To display letters and numbers, we send ASCII codes for the letters A-Z, a-z, and numbers 0-9 to these pins while making RS=1. We also use RS= 0to check the busy flag bit to see if the LCD ready to receive. The busy flag isD7 and can be read when R/W=1 and RS= 0, as follows if R/w=1 and RS = 0. When D7 =1, the LCD is busy taking care of internal operations and will not accept any new information. WhenD7=0, the LCD is ready to receive new information. . 5 LCD Commands The commands given to the LCD are as shown in table 5. 1 Table 5. 1 LCD Commands HEXREGISTER 01Clear display screen 02Return home 04Decrement cursor (shift cursor to left) 06Increment cursor (shift cursor to right) 05Shift Display right 07Shift display left 08Display off, cursor off 0ADisplay off, cursor on 0CDisplay on, cursor off 0EDisplay on, cursor blinking 0FDisplay on, cursor blinking 10Shift cursor position to left 14Shift cursor position to right 18Shift the entire display to the left 1CShift the entire display to the right 80Force cursor to beginning of 1st lineC0Force cursor to beginning of 2nd line 382 lines and 57 matrix 5. 6 Power Supply Unit The input to the circuit is applie d from the regulated power supply. The a. c. input i. e. , 230V from the mains supply is step down by the transformer to 12V and is fed to a rectifier. The output obtained from the rectifier is a pulsating d. c voltage. So in order to get a pure d. c voltage, the output voltage from the rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any a. c components present even after rectification. Now, this voltage is given to a voltage regulator to obtain a pure constant dc voltage. Figure 5. Power Supply Unit 5. 6. 1 Transformer Usually, DC voltages are required to operate various electronic equipment and these voltages are 5V, 9V or 12V. hardly these voltages cannot be obtained directly. Thus the a. c input available at the mains supply i. e. , 230V is to be brought down to the required voltage level. This is done by a transformer. Thus, a step down transformer is employed to decrease the voltage to a required level. 5. 6. 2 Rectifier The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It con verts A. C. into pulsating D. C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave ectifier. In this project, a bridge rectifier is used because of its merits like good stability and full wave rectification. 5. 6. 3 Filter Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of rectifier and smoothens the D. C. Output received from this filter is constant until the mains voltage and load is maintained constant. 5. 6. 4 Voltage regulator As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level.In this project, power supply of 5V and 12V are required. In order to obtain these voltage levels, 7805 and 7812 voltage regulators are to be used. The first number 78 represents compulsory supply and the numbers 05, 12 represent the required output voltage levels. Three-Terminal Voltage Regulator Fig 5. 3 shows the basic connection of a three-terminal voltage regulator IC to a load. The fixed voltage regulator has an unregulated dc input voltage, Vi, applied to one input terminal, a regulated output dc voltage, Vo, from a second terminal, with the third terminal connected to ground.For a selected regulator, IC device specifications list a voltage range over which the input voltage can vary to maintain a regulated output voltage over a range of load current. The specifications also list the amount of output voltage change resulting from a change in load current (load regulation) or in input voltage (line regulation). GND4 Figure 5. 3 hardened Positive Voltage Regulator CHAPTER 6 RELAY DRIVER, RELAYS & DEVICES 6. 1 Introduction The ULN2003 is a high-voltage, high-current darling ton driver comprising of seven NPN darling ton pairs. For high input impedance we may use two ransistors to form a Darlington pair. This pair in CC configuration provides input impedance as high as 2Mohms. The input signal varies with the base current of the first transistor this produces variation in the collector current in the first transistor. The emitter load of the first stage is the input resistance of the second stage. The emitter current of the first transistor is the base current of the second transistor. The IC is as shown in figure 6. 1. . Figure 6. 1 ULN2003 Relay driver 6. 2 Features The features of ULN2003 relay driver are Output current (single output) 500mA MAXHigh sustaining voltage output 50v MIN Output clamp diodes Input compatible with various types of logic 6. 3 Pin Diagram & Description Fig 6. 2 Pin diagram of ULN 2003 The IC is of 16-pin and is a monolithic linear IC. It has 7darlington pairs internally of 7 inputs and 7 outputs i. e. 1 to 7 are inputs of Darlington pairs and 10 to 16 are the outputs, 8-pin is ground and 9-pin is common freewheeling diode. Applications The ULN 2003 driver is used in Relays Hammer Lamps Display (LED) drivers 6. 4 Relays 6. 4. 1 Introduction The relay is a device that acts upon the same fundamental principle as the solenoid.The residuum between a relay and a solenoid is that a relay does not have a movable core (plunger) while the solenoid does. Where multiple relays are used, some(prenominal) circuits may be controlled once. Relays are electrically operated control switches, and are classified according to their use as POWER RELAYS or CONTROL RELAYS. Power relays are called CONTACTORS, control relays are usually acknowledgen simply as relays. The function of a oppositionor is to use a relatively small amount of electrical power to control the switching of a large amount of power. Control relays are frequently used in the control of low power circuits. . 4. 2 electromagnetic Relay Relays in which the relative movements of their mechanical components produce preset responses under the effect of the current in the input circuit are called electromagnetic relays. The relay used in this project is electromagnetic relay which is shown in figure 6. 4. 2. Fi gure 6. 3 Electromagnetic Relay 6. 4. 3 Operation OperationAndWhen a certain voltage or current is applied to both ends of the coil of an electromagnetic relay, the magnetic flux passes through the magnetic circuit composed of iron core, match iron, armature iron and the magnetic circuit operation air gap.Under the influence of magnetic field, armature iron is attracted to iron core pole face thus propellent normally closed play to open and normally open contact to close, when the applied voltage or current at both ends of the coil is bring low than a certain value and mechanical reactance is greater than electromagnetic attraction, armature iron is restored to the original state and normally open contact opens and normally closed contact closes. 6. 4. 4 Components of Electromagnetic Relay Electromagnetic relay is composed of magnetic circuit system, contact system and return mechanism.Magnetic circuit system is made up of such parts as iron core, yoke iron, armature iron and co il. Contact system is composed of such parts as static contact spring, movable contact spring and contact seat. Return mechanism is made up of return springs of draw springs. Figure 6. 4 Components of Electromagnetic Relay 6. 5 Devices The devices include microwave oven, electric bulbs, fans, motors, coolers, etc. Any of the devices can be operated from anywhere by interfacing them to the microcontroller. CHAPTER 7 COMPONENTS INTERFACING WITH MICROCONTROLLER 7. MT8888C Interfacing With Microcontroller The MT8888 DTMF transceiver is interfaced to the microcontroller port P2. The data pins of transceiver are interfaced with P2. 0-P2. 3 and the control pins are connected to P2. 4-P2. 7 as shown in figure 7. 1. PHILIPS 89C51MT8888 Figure 7. 1 Interfacing MT8888 with the microcontroller 7. 2 LCD Interfacing with the Microcontroller Depending on how many lines are used for connection to the microcontroller, there are 8bit and 4bit LCD modes. The appropriate mode is determined at the begin ning of the process in a phase called initialization.In the first case, the data are transferred through outputs D0-D7 as it has been already explained. In case of 4-bit LED mode, for the sake of miserliness valuable I/O pins of the microcontroller, there are only 4 higher bits (D4-D7) used for communication, while other may be left unconnected. Consequently, each data is sent to LCD in two steps four higher bits are sent first (that normally would be sent through lines D4-D7), four lower bits are sent afterwards. With the support of initialization, LCD will correctly connect and interpret each data received.Besides, with regards to the fact that data are rarely read from LCD (data mainly are transferred from microcontroller to LCD) one more I/O pin may be saved by simple connecting R/W pin to the Ground. Such saving has its price. Even though message displaying will be normally performed, it will not be possible to read from busy flag since it is not possible to read from display . present we used 8 bit LCD. The LCD is interfaced with microcontroller port P0. The data pins of LCD are interfaced with the Port 0 pins P0. 0-P0. 7 and the control pins of LCD are interfaced with Port 1 pins P1. -P1. 7 as shown in figure 7. 2. PHILIPS 89C51 LCD Figure 7. 2 Interfacing LCD to the Microcontroller Algorithm to send data to LCD 1. Make R/W low 2. Make RS=0 if data byte is command RS=1 if data byte is data (ASCII value) 3. Place data byte on data register 4. Pulse E (HIGH to LOW) 5. Repeat the steps to send another data byte 7. 3 Interfacing devices with the microcontroller The devices that are to be controlled are interfaced with port 1 of microcontroller. Here we used four devices and they are interfaced to P1. 0-P1. 3 as shown in figure 7. 3.Figure 7. 3 Interfacing devices with the microcontroller CHAPTER 8 SOFTWARE DETAILS 8. 1 Keil Vision 4 Keil was founded in 1986 to market the add-on products for development tools provided by many of the silicon vendors. Keil i mplemented the first C compiler designed from the ground up specifically for 8051 microcontroller. Keil provides broad range of development tools like ANSI C Compiler, macro assembler, debuggers and simulators, linkers, IDE library managers, real time operating system & evaluation boards for 8051 & ARM families. It is used to write programs for an application.The programs can be written in insert C or in assembly language. 8. 1. 1 Evaluation of Keil Software Start the Vision Program Select new Vision Project from the project menu Give the project name prjname and save it with extension*. uvproj as shown in fig 8. 1. 1a After saving another window will be displayed to select the target device. In that select LPC 2478 from NXP (founded by Philips) from the data base given Select it and ticktock OK a new project with target commit will be created. Select the new from the file cabinet menu Type your c file Select save from file menu.The first time you save the program a dialog box will pop-up and allow you to name your file and file type. Save program with file name xxxx. c The file type mentioned at last (. c) means embedded c language. Right click on source group and click add files to source group. This will add files to project as shown in figure 8. 1. 1(b) Right click on source group and select build all target files. This will create HEX file needed for ARM. Figure 8. 1 Starting a young Project in KEIL Figure 8. 1 indicates how to start a new project in KEIL software to develop a program. Select the name of the project ant save it as . v2, then a new project is created as shown in figure. Figure 8. 2 Adding burdens to the Source Group Figure 8. 2 shows how we should add files to the source group after we created a new project using KEIL micro vision. Figure 8. 3 Program written in the File added to the Source Group Figure 8. 3 shows the picture after the program file is being added to the source group so that an ASM file is created for the source file where code is written. 8. 1. 2 Using the Keil dscope Debugger Select start /stop debug session from debug menu The debug program will start a new session as shown in figure 8. 1. 1(d) SelectFile, load object file from the program menu. Change the file type to HEX Select your hex file, e. g. xxxx. Hex Click OK You should now see the source code of the file typed in earlier Select Peripherals, GPIO Fast Interface, Ports required from the program menu. So that you can see the how output varies on ports. Select Port 0, Port 1, Port 2, Port 3 and port 4. Select Peripherals, UART, UARTs required from the program menu. So that you can see the how output varies on UARTs. Select UART0, UART1, UART2 and UART3. Click on go to see the real time update of the I/O ports. Click on stop when you are finished.You can also single step through you program or set break points at locations that you want the debugger to stop at. To set a breakpoint, double click on the line. Figure 8. 4 Debugging the co de using Start/Stop Debug Session Figure 8. 4 shows that after the ASM file is created, it should be debugged using Start/Stop Debug Session. The program debuuging starts when we press the start and it can be ended using stop. Figure 8. 5 After Debugging, the value of the registers 8. 2 Flash Magic Software The flash magic software is one of the best known microcontroller programs dump software.It has the compatibility with the KEIL software. The HEX file generated by the KEIL is used by the FLASH MAGIC to program the microcontroller. The software uses the computer serial port to transmit data into microcontroller. It has many options like appending the code, erasing the memory, reading from the microcontroller etc to dump the code program first the FLASH MAGIC has to be provided with necessary information about the target, the band rate supported, the clock frequency,etc. ,then the software checks for the device connected to the computer serial port.If the target is not connected, an error is generated. The software then checks for the available memory and the size of file to be dumped. Then it checks whether the target (microcontroller) is in ISP (In system programming) mode or not. If everything is fine then, it starts writing into the microcontroller using the serial data transfer pins Txd and Rxd pins on the microcontroller. After the code is loaded into the microcontroller, even the power goes off , the code will not be lost as it is stored in the EEPROM which is not volatile. Giving the RESET will restart the program execution from the beginning.We have seen that using a high level language improves the readability of the program, makes the programming process more efficient, and makes it possible to write portable code. The compiler generates the assembly code and therefore places a large role in determining the actual CPU operation. Because compilers are not as smart as programmers are, the machine code generated by compiler if typically larger and le ss efficient than the machine code generated from assembly source code. This may be disconcerting to some programmers, but it is not a good enough reason to avoid high level languages.Instead, it means that you must know yourcompiler and know how the different parts of your C code will be implemented. Figure 8. 2 Flash Magic for dumping the code into the microcontroller Flow graph NO YES YESYES NO YES YES NO YESYES NO YESYES NO 8. 4 Source Code /***DTMF REMOTE APPLIANCE CONTROL SYSTEM USING MOBILE PHONE***/ /*****************************BATCH A2***********************************/ /********DTMF INITIALISATION********/ Dtmf_data equ p2 Dtmf_wr equ p2. 7 Dtmf_cs equ p2. 6 Dtmf_rs0 equ p2. 4 Dtmf_rd equ p2. 5 /********LCD INITIALISATION*********/ Lcddata equ p0 Lcd_rs equ p1. 5 Lcd_rw equ p1. 6Lcd_en equ p1. 7 /*******DEVICES INITIALISATION********/ dev1 equ p1. 0 dev2 equ p1. 1 dev3 equ p1. 2 dev4 equ p1. 3 psswrd bit 21 org 00h mov p1,0f0h mov r0,50h call Dtmf_init call Lcd_init /*c all DispLine1 mov dptr,Proj_name call Disp_string call delay call DispLine2 mov dptr,Proj_name1 call Disp_string call delay call DispLine3 mov dptr,Proj_name2 call Disp_string call delay call Clr_Display call DispLine1 mov dptr,College_name call Disp_string call delay call Clr_Display call DispLine2 mov dptr,College_location call Disp_string call delay call Clr_Display call DispLine1 mov dptr, group call Disp_string call DispLine2 ov dptr,NAME1 call Disp_string call DispLine3 mov dptr,NAME2 call Disp_string call delay call Clr_Display call DispLine1 mov dptr,NAME3 call Disp_string call DispLine2 mov dptr,NAME4 call Disp_string call DispLine3 mov dptr,NAME5 call Disp_string call DispLine4 mov dptr,NAME6 call Disp_string call delay call Clr_Display */ main call Clr_Display mov dptr,myname call Disp_string clr psswrd Rx_tone mov a,8fh call Lcd_cmnd mov r0,50h mov r7,00h store_tone call delay50ms clr a call read_sta_reg jnb acc. 2,store_tone call read_rx_data_reg anl a,0fh jb psswrd,com pare mov r0,a mov a,* call Lcd_data_out inc r0 inc r7 jne r7,04,store_tone mov r0,50h mov a,r0 cjne a,1,invalid_Tone inc r0 mov a,r0 cjne a,2,invalid_Tone inc r0 mov a,r0 cjne a,3,invalid_Tone inc r0 mov a,r0 cjne a,4,invalid_Tone call Clr_Display mov dptr,yesOk call Disp_string setb psswrd jmp store_tone invalid_Tone call Clr_Display mov dptr,NotOk call Disp_string clr psswrd call delay50ms call delay50ms jmp main /***********************************************/ compare cjne a,01,label1 setb dev1 call Clr_Display call DispLine1 mov dptr,labela call Disp_string setb psswrd jmp store_tone label1cjne a,02,label2 setb dev2 call Clr_Display call DispLine2 mov dptr,labelb all Disp_string setb psswrd jmp store_tone label2cjne a,03,label3 setb dev3 call Clr_Display call DispLine3 mov dptr,labelc call Disp_string setb psswrd jmp store_tone label3cjne a,04,label4 setb dev4 call Clr_Display call DispLine4 mov dptr,labeld call Disp_string setb psswrd jmp store_tone label4cjne a,05,label5 clr dev1 call Clr_Display call DispLine1 mov dptr,labele call Disp_string setb psswrd jmp store_tone label5cjne a,06,label6 clr dev2 call Clr_Display call DispLine2 mov dptr,labelf call Disp_string setb psswrd jmp store_tone label6cjne a,07,label7 clr dev3 call Clr_Display call DispLine3 mov dptr,labelg all Disp_string setb psswrd jmp store_tone label7cjne a,08,label8 clr dev4 call Clr_Display call DispLine4 mov dptr,labelh call Disp_string setb psswrd label8 jmp store_tone /*-Dtmf_init-*/ Dtmf_init call read_sta_reg mov a,00h call write_cnt_reg mov a,00h call write_cnt_reg mov a,08h call write_cnt_reg mov a,00h call write_cnt_reg call read_sta_reg ret read_sta_reg mov Dtmf_data,0ffh setb Dtmf_rs0 setb Dtmf_wr clr Dtmf_rd clr Dtmf_cs nop nop mov a,Dtmf_data setb Dtmf_cs setb Dtmf_rd ret write_cnt_reg mov Dtmf_data,a setb Dtmf_rd clr Dtmf_wr setb Dtmf_rs0 clr Dtmf_cs nop nop etb Dtmf_cs setb Dtmf_wr ret read_rx_data_reg mov Dtmf_data,0ffh clr Dtmf_rs0 setb Dtmf_wr clr Dtmf_rd clr Dtmf_cs nop nop mov a,Dtmf_data setb Dtmf_cs setb Dtmf_rd ret /***********Lcd Display*******************/ Lcd_init mov a,30h call Lcd_cmnd mov a,38h call Lcd_cmnd mov a,06h call Lcd_cmnd mov a,0ch call Lcd_cmnd mov a,01h call Lcd_cmnd ret Lcd_cmnd call delay_50ms mov Lcddata,a clr Lcd_rs clr Lcd_rw setb Lcd_en nop nop clr Lcd_en ret Lcd_data_out call delay_50ms mov Lcddata,a setb Lcd_rs clr Lcd_rw setb Lcd_en nop nop clr Lcd_en ret Disp_string clr a movc a,a+dptr jz exit call delay_50ms call Lcd_data_out nc dptr jmp Disp_string exitret /*****************************************************/ /*****************************************************/ routine for clearing display Clr_Display mov a,01h call lcd_cmnd ret /****************************************************/ /****************************************************/ this routine is for display in different lines DispLine1 mov a,80h call LCD_Cmnd ret DispLine2 mov a,0C0h call LCD_Cmnd ret DispLine3 mov a,94h call LCD_Cmnd ret DispLine4 mov a,0D4h call LCD_Cmnd ret /*****************************************************/ delay call Delay50ms call Delay50ms all Delay50ms call Delay50ms call Delay50ms ret delay50ms mov r2,5 back2mov r1,200 back1mov r5,250 backdjnz r5,back djnz r1,back1 djnz r2,back2 ret delay_50ms mov r4,20 back4mov r3,250 back3djnz r3,back3 djnz r4,back4 ret /*-*/ Display String data Proj_name DB DTMF REMOTE APPLIANCE ,0 Proj_name1 DBCONTROL SYSTEM, 0 Proj_name2DBUSING MOBILE PHONE, 0 College_nameDB MIC COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY , 0 College_location DB KANCHIKACHERLA , 0 TEAMDB DEVELOPED , 0 NAME1 DB BY , 0 NAME2 DB A2 BATCH , 0NAME3 DB LAVANYA , 0 NAME4 DB SIRISHA , 0 NAME5 DB PAVAN KUMAR , 0 NAME6 DB KISHORE , 0 myname DB ENTER PASSWORD,0h yesOk DB VALID PASSWORD,0h NotOk DB INVALID PASSWORD, 0h labeladb DEVICE1 ON ,0 labelbdb DEVICE2 ON ,0 labelcdb DEVICE3 ON ,0 labelddb DEVICE4 ON ,0 labeledb DEVICE1 OFF ,0 labelfdb DEVICE2 OFF ,0 labelgdb DEVICE3 OFF ,0 labelhdb DEVICE4 OFF ,0 end C HAPTER 9 ADVANTAGES & APPLICATIONS 9. 1 Advantages Increased productivity Low cost Reduces power consumption Virtual control of appliances High security 9. Disadvantages No acknowledgement Switch-device pair should be known Network failure 9. 3 Applications Other applications of this circuit include Agriculture Industry Colleges Schools rising Enhancement Acknowledgement of the devices initial condition through SMS. This system can be expanded to provide control over the GPRS. evidence This project DTMF REMOTE APPLIANCE CONTROL SYSTEM USING MOBILE PHONE overcomes the limitations of Wireless Domestic Automation which uses a transmitter and receiver to control the home appliances. It resembles a virtual human controlling the remote appliances using a control unit and a mobile phone.It mainly uses DTMF transceiver for decoding the tones generated by the mobile phone, which is given to the micro-controller to control the appliances. The remote appliances control system using mobile ph one will one day become a ingenuousness and it may revolutionize our way of living. The wide areas of application include controlling the appliances like microwave oven, lighting fans, lights, etc. Another major application is industrial automation as it reduces the power consumption and is of low cost. As this system is implemented using in 2G communication network, the video data cannot be obtained. future tense work includes research on the robot control system in 3G communication networks which facilitates controlling the remote robot using DTMF of mobile phone, with video data from the remote mobile robots camera. The Future enhancement also includes control of GPRS system using this system. REFERENCES Text Books The 8051 Micro Controller architecture and embedded systems by Mazidi and Mazidi. Other References www. atmel. com www. alldatasheets. com www. electronicshub. com www. philips. com International Journal of Electrical & Computer Sciences IJECS Vol 9 No 10

Compound sentence

The setting is a very important part of any plot. It sets the scene, gives visualization, and develops the theme. In the novel To Kill A Mockingbird, the settings of Scouts house, Mrs. Dubos house and the schoolhouse atomic number 18 exceptionally important. It is in these places that Scout learns important life lessons. In the Finchs house Scout learns about manners and to tolerate other people. Clearing, the housekeeper, spends lots of time breeding Scout proper manner and how to treat people.One of the biggest lessons learned is that looks deceive us and not to Judge someone till you walked in their shoes. She learns to tolerate people when Walter Cunningham comes everywhere for lunch one day. Walter Cunningham is described as, looked as if he had been raised on fish food Had no color in his face And fingered the straps of his overalls, (Lee )which is an wound to his health. It describes his as skinny, pale, and not in good health. As they eat the poor molasses all over his me al, disgusting but also intriguing Scout at the same time.Not understanding she comments, what the Sam hill he was doing(Lee ). This immediately enrages Clearing and she scolds Scout. Callers reaction caused Scout to realize that she must be more aware of the ways of other people and that she needs to tolerate and accept them and accept them for who they are no matter how different or strange. However, Calendar Isnt the only person In the Finch home that has taught her important lessons. Attics Finch has taught Scout some of the most Important lessons about society and why people are the way they are.

Loans with Interest in Early Christianity and Islam Essay

When an individual thinks of religion, the first thing that comes to a believers mind is the nonnegotiable worship of a supreme being(s) as a source of tranquility whenever he/she is in distress. On the other hand, to a pro-secularization individual, religion lone(prenominal) causes pricey conflicts between different cultures and is considered an outdated practice which should not have a place in todays society.What people in world-wide tend to forget approximately religion is that it their respective figures like oracle Muhammad and Jesus wanted to promote a way of life that would aim to fall upon a standard of living that would see all members of the community equal. And a big part of any way of life is fair trade and diminish the gap between the rich and the poor. This essay will compare and contrast the early Christian and the current Muslim prohibitions against lending money at fill in the context of todays constant recession-threatening environment.In order to be able to relate both the Muslim and Christian stance on the topic of lending money at issue it is integral to highlight the why countries tend to fall into a recession. In 2008, the US recession tie in to Americans buying houses they could not afford. In North America, investing in real estate is seen as a bullet-proof way of making money making a low down payment expecting the value of their house to increase but it didnt which leads foreclosure and eventually huge losses for banks.Today, movements such as Occupy Toronto declare the lack of social responsibility of bankers who give out mortgages knowing the client would not be able to pay it off its an economical annoying of using money people simply dont physically have. In Islam, the term for interest is Riba which literally means a gain in the Arabic language. The Prophet said, The selling of wheat for wheat is Riba ( rake-off) except if it is handed from hand to hand and equal in amount.Similarly the selling of barley for barley i s Riba except if it is from hand to hand and equal in amount, and dates for dates is usury except if it is from hand to hand and equal in amount. (Umar). From an economical perspective, what the Prophet of Islam is referring to here is the radical that just now the actual value of dates should exist in any trade transaction. For example, a bank giving out a loan for 100,000 dollars with an interest of 10% means that the 10,000 interest to be paid does not actually exist in the economy and hence to the prophet this is considered riba because the bank is gaining money out of nowhere.In the Sharia, the modern day solution to this banking issue is Islamic banking which offers .. more just and equitable distribution of resources more responsible and profitable lending due to the necessarily closer bank-client relationship less volatile business cycles and more stable banking systems. (Evans, 1987) Similarly, early Christianity has the same general view of usury, In thee have they ta ken gifts to redact blood thou hast taken usury and increase, and thou hast greedily gained of thy neighbours by extortion, and hast forgotten me, saith the Lord God. (Exekiel 2212).However, Islam tends to be stricter about preserving authenticity of teachings of Allah or Prophet Muhammad because the teachings were meant to be implemented in the governing of the Islamic state shariah. Ambiguity, over time, has led to an equivocal view of usury in the Christian faith, .. to the extent that Christian doctrine rested on an Aristotelian foundation it was vulnerable to the charge of being, at heart, anti-trade and commerce. Aristotle adopted the view, later followed by the Physiocrats, that the natural way to get riches is by skillful management of house and land.Usury was diabolical and clearly the worst way of making money. But there was also something degraded about trading and exchanging things rather than actually making them,as summed up in the medieval saying,Homo mercator vix aut numquam Deo placerepotest the merchant can scarcely or never be pleasant to God. By contrast, the Holy Quran endorsed trade, so long as it was not usurious. (Lewis, 2007) On the contrary, with the when Islam and Muhammad did rise to power in the Arabian region, trade was something the Arabs were known for and was also religiously encouraged there were virtually no disputes or new philosophies.A lack of a solid implementation of the no usury rule (which only strictly existed in Early Christianity) lead to more lenient rule as times changed and the numerous Scriptures were considered more and more ambiguous. As the ages progressed since early Christianity, it went from no exceptions to usury to exceptions made such as allowed usury as long as the interest rate for the loan was fair and reasonable.In one of Rustons books he mentioned usury passed from being an offence against public morality which a Christian government was expected to suppress to being a matter of reclusive con science and a new generation of Christian moralists redefined usury as excessive interest (R, 1993) Hence, since Islam and Christianity are both Abrahamic religions, the view on the concept of usury is fairly similar in essence however politics has always had an influence on trade since the beginning of time.In todays world, with Muslim nations trading with Christian and secular nations and likewise with banking, it has become increasingly difficult to impose shariah or the teachings of Jesus in our interdependent global economy. Globally, the cite of usury has transformed to become more of a concern of social responsibility and social justice. While Islamic and Christian share similarities and some unconvincing political differences with regards to interest, it remains an important moral reminder of preserving financial stability even if it might sound a little too unrealistic and utopian in our world today.

Poly Sci Final Paper

Final Paper Washington State University Political Science 418 Fall 2012 Section 1 Professor Robert Quinlan December 6, 2012 Introduction This paper is written almost exclusively with information taken directly from the book Families of the Forestby Alan Johnson virtually the lifestyle of the Matsigenka Amazonian Natives. Information regarding the Matsigenka is almost solely derived from the work of Johnson unless say otherwise. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the Matsigenka masses, their needs as a partnership and finally pose a development project that meets the needs described.Realistically this is only unity possible solution posed by an inexperienced undergraduate student. The author is student who has never set foot in South America or even has had any experience with a development project. The thinkings expressed in this work argon purely an academic exercise. The author does not assume that the Matsigenka do not already k straight off and or practice some of t he ideas shargond in this assignment. Overview of the Matsigenka The Matsigenka, a native lotof theAmazon Basin, live in what Johnson describes as an angular take downscape, along river valleys surrounded by forested mountains.The Matsigenka shake off a peripheral environment on the outside edge of conquest landed estates. They originally settled in to a as a bid to avoid conflicts with other classifys. The land is not ideal scarcely good enough to live on while not ever being sought as territory for annexation by other groups. They are very isolated and their living resource has the consequence scarcity. Many of the best crops, weight, and game are not as bountiful as they are in other landing fields. They have plenty of land for their type of farming and their mild population means they do not compete between themselves for resources.Their settlements are small and spread far apart. (Johnson) To understand the Matsigenka they mustiness be seen in their own unique conte xt of their casual lives. As with any parent, the t use up of raising a child is to advance them to be competent to live in the world on their own one day. For the Matsigenka this means raising children who exit become accustomed to living in their own nuclear family and thrive while in relative isolation. (Johnson) The Matsigenkas ability to be freelance and desire to remain independent has been disheartening to missionaries and some schoolteachers.Attempts at organizing and edifice communities have largely been failures. The Matsigenka are happy to be free from directions and rules that stem from a missionary or any other persons attempt to convert or normalize them. (Johnson) From the very beginning their up clearing determines who they are as a people. From the start the emphasis on independence is apparent. No one is invited or comes to trim down when a child is born. At birth a newborn is left alone on a mat while the mother is attended to. afterwards a few minutes, the baby is then bathed with hot pissing causing discomfort making it cry. Johnson) The procedure is done to strengthen the child for the hard independent life to come. The Matsigenka parents test the childs limits, expecting more and more self-reliance at an early age. In the home, mothers commonly tether toddlers to a stake holding them from wandering into danger. The method is no more a cruel leash than a baby gate used in American homes could be considered a cruel cage. (Johnson) Tethering al down(p)s the child freedom and independence without the danger of physical harm. The Matsigenkas diet is varied and extensive.Their types of food production are farming, fishing, hunting, and foraging with some small use of domesticated animals. They can eat anything from raw foods found anywhere in their environment or eat feasts involving days of preparation. The people eat worm larvae of many bugs all during the year as source of dietary fats and protein. Larger game birds, mon profounds , peccary, and tapir are the favorites. Farming small gardens is the most important to them making up more than half of their food. Foraging and fishing can often time produce disappointing results.Snakes are taboo and never eaten. (Johnson) Their diet poses no issues for them. For crops the people grow manioc (cassava), maze (corn), bananas, plantains, rice and coffee. Coffee has been introduced recently by outsiders as a cash crop. Along with trying to build communities the crop was meant to bring indigenous peoples into contact and trade with the modern parts of Peru. Coffee was seen as modality to introduce money into the Matsigenka system. (Johnson) Their farming methods are sufficient to sustain them and the land they work on. The most important fish in the Matsigenka diet is shima. Johnson) These fish get up to 20 inches long and can weigh over 2 pounds. They are bottom feeders caught by net fishing. Mamori are similar in size to shima and caught with a regular hook and line setup. Rock dwelling fish like etari who are caught by hand. Along with other species such as shrimp and kempiti caught in traps fit into their diverse diet. Large fish species of omani, kayunaro and charava are seldom caught. (Johnson) Domesticated animals are not overly significant to a family. Families typically raise a couple of chickens and ducks.They are allowed to forage around the house during the day, eating on insects considered pests like ants and sometimes are condition maize. At night they are kept in chicken coops tended to by the children. (Johnson) As a people, the Matsigenka are very adaptive and catch all kinds of fish in many different ways. The Matsigenka do not participate in the market economy. Attempts to get them to raise cash crops and begin to participate have been implemented by outsiders. (Johnson) They make nearly all of the material goods used in daily life. However they do not make knives, aluminum pots or other metal items.As men and women they lear n complementary manufacturing skills allowing them self-sufficiency. Matsigenka can survive in long-term isolation as a nuclear family with the skills in fishing, farming and hunting in the manner they prefer. (Johnson) The Matsigenka are adaptive, and independent. Needs and resource assessment based on the ethnographic explanation The Matsigenka have good nutrition and housing but they still have barriers to good overall health. The problems they have are not their fault. As a people they do everything they can like maintain standards of cleanliness, and treat illness with medicines they have available.The problems arise from limited resources and knowledge. (Johnson) For hygiene the Matsigenka clean themselves, their homes, and their clothing daily. Even when they sit on the earthen floor of their home they use a woven mat. (Johnson) They wash their hand before preparing food and are careful with bungle. Baths are taken daily and garbage is thrown out in a separate area away fro m the home. The Matsigenka find human waste disgusting along with animal waste and believe according to Johnson that The evil odor of feces is believed to invade the body and cause illness(436)Families try to locate homes next to mountain streams to ensure a water supply uncontaminated by humans. (Johnson) Mountain streams, dry up seasonally forcing people back to the river for water where they are re-infected by water borne parasites. (Rainforest) look has shown that the debilitating infections are colds, conjunctivitis, and parasites. Colds and conjunctivitis hit the community in waves. Epidemics move rapidly through the population. Tribal memories still exist of when the white mans influenza that killed many. The people stay away from everyone and the schools when sickness hits.One of the most common greetings used by members is to ascertain if someone returning is sick and to be avoided. (Johnson) Johnson notes that researchers others who stayed with the Matsigenks verbalize M ost health complaints came to our attention because the medicines we had with us were believed to be more effective than Matsigenka remedies. Our house became a center where people would stop to tell us their symptoms and ask for treatment. They were pragmatic about accepting this help, seeing illness and injury as more or less naturally occurring. 436) When a family member becomes ill they are left to lie on a mat in their home while the rest of the family ignores the sick person. The Matsigenka believe sickness is life-threatening and feel a sick person is dangerous and best left alone. (Johnson) Johnson describes the Matsigenka as a mixed picture of health They have an ample diet and are agile and supple, capable of great feats of athleticism and endurance. They are attractive, maintain personal standards of cleanliness, and attend to their health needs with an array of remedies.On the other hand, they live with parasite loads that intermit them and probably contribute to many infant deaths, they are subject to viral and bacterial infections that periodically sweep their hamlets and incapacitate them putting food production at risk Despite the beauty of nature surrounding them and their freedom to set their own work agenda, theirs is a hard life evident in the virtual(prenominal) absence of elderly people. (439) A needs and resource assessment based on the ethnographic description provided by Johnson would indicate a few key items.Health education, medical aid, improvements in sanitation, and clean drinking water are the most pressing needs. These could be possibly met using a culturally sensitive and amenable means of service delivery. Development project that meets one or more of the needs described both project design must take into friendship the unique culture of the people it seeks to help Johnson notes in a prominent way that there is family level of sociocultural integration not a community one and the Matsigenka cannot be understood or appreci ated except as a family level society.Meaning, as a group they are not tropical-forest villagers or tribal peoples like most amateur sociologists whitethorn picture. Unlike other groups they do not participate in suprafamily, raiding and warfare, structured gift exchange, or even large group feasting. (Johnson) Concepts like a family reunion or organizing a militia to defend their land are completely foreign to their way of life. Johnson notes it is extremely difficult to get them to participate in any group activity. They will listen to and directions but will walk away and refuse to jointure the proposed group activity.Matsigenka are not amenable to being directed or led. Education or works projects from other regions cannot be rolled out in a cookie cutter fashion to help them. Understanding their independence and determination does not mean that the Matsigenka are closed to change. In the 1980 and 1970s sierra farmers came to the mountain valleys to live next to Matsigenka fami lies. The new farmers have brought infrastructural development that was welcomed by the Matsigenka people. They created school communities where boys, and girls, play soccer, study and do homework.Radios that can be found now are a sign of the integration of culture from the larger world around them. (Johnson) Most effective long term projects rely on self-will and the pride of the people they seek to help. Pride in ownership translates into maintenance and care of the public works project after the NGO who sets it up leaves. Johnson explains the idea of shintaro owner if we think of it not as legal title to objects like land or trees, but as a form of respect for the individual. Any project must transfer respect as ownership to achieve long term sustainability.Recently in the last 15 years money has been dumped into projects that have failed and been abandoned. (Fraser) It is not enough to just build something and leave. The best way to help might be to model what the rainforest f low project has done and reach special attention to some cultural factors. Any project should consider how ownership is considered, how the people operate as a family level society, the aversion to group activities, and being told what to do. The project should capitalize on their strong sense of hygiene and build on their dislike of human waste.The Matsigenka already intrinsically know about the importance of clean water and washing hands. The leap from understanding clean water and increasing the effectiveness of existing sanitation procedures should be an accomplishable confinement if executed sensitivly. Hygiene education and health services As a people they are very pragmatic, adaptable and have demonstrated a flavor in better westernized medicine when dealing with researchers in the past. (Johnson) Setting up clinics may not be the answer since they will avoid any area where they may go and become sick.The clinic will need to come to the sick, not the other way around. Trav elling to and helping sick family members on sleeping on mats in the home will strengthen any belief in stronger westernized medicine. The process will loosen the hold of traditional beliefs in bad pot liquor having an influence on outcomes. Health education can effectively be delivered using the existing school system and reinforced when educators visit with health professionals providing lively medical clinic visits. (Rainforest) Previously efforts were made to do similar projects but the participants only spoke Spanish not the native language.To eliminate the language barrier it will be key that the health professionals and educators are fluent in the native language. Workers will need to understand cultural norms of the Matsigenka. (Rainforest) Special consideration should be given to immunization programs. Immunizations can make the people feel sick afterward and may scare participants off. Postponing immunizations until a trust relationship has been built up may be necessary . Credibility may be required for families to believe they are not being made sick after a flu view or pertussis vaccination. SanitationThe Matsigenka already believe in finding the freshest water. Health education should teach how to defecate away from any water source and exhaust it when in the forest. The disdain they have for waste and how they conduct life around their home makes them receptive. Composting latrines with hand washing facilities may be built near schools but attention should be given to ventilation and odor control (Rainforest) considering The evil odor of feces is believed to invade the body and cause illness. (Johnson 436) Drinking water projects Delivering clean safe drinking water is of paramount importance to the Matsigenka, or any community.Rainforest Flow has used with self-reported success, for several years, a specific setup that uses low tech sand filtration. The method removes 99. 9 percent of bacteria from drinking water and uses a low tech gravitat ional flow. The systems are setup to digest modest community growth and are maintained by a usage fee charged to every home water is delivered to. (Rainforest) In finishing there are many projects that can possibly help the Matsigenka. The purpose of this paper was to introduce the Matsigenka people, their needs as a community and pose a development project that meets their needs sensitively.Like any group, assistance must be provided to them on their terms for it to be accepted. References Fraser, B. (2012, May 25). Machiguenga communities could be affected by peru torpedo production. Retrieved from Johnson, A. (2003). Families of the forest the matsigenka indians of the peruvian amazon. University of California Press. Retrieved from http//www. sscnet. ucla. edu/anthro/faculty/johnson/ethnography. html Rainforest flow. (2012, December 01). Retrieved from http//houseofthechildren. org/safe- drinking-water. html