Master Slave Dialect Essay

The insightful analysis of Hegel in his ‘Phenomenology of Spirit’ concerning the development of self consciousness revolves around the important impulse to â€Å"Self Consciousness† in which he details the master/slave dialectic. Contrary to preceding German Idealists, Hegel does not hold the assumption that the conscious agent is self conscious a priori; rather, the agent must establish this notion of self-conception through experience. This experience become developed through time and is therefore associated with the concept of â€Å"history†. It can even be claimed that any development of self consciousness must be conditioned historically as much as it draws upon the demands of desire and the means to its sating. Self consciousness is therefore far from innate with regard to individual agent. This break with tradition appears to be in arguing that self consciousness emerges out of non-self consciousness over time in a process which is conditioned historically. Commentators are however not in agreement in regard to the specifics of this historical process and its holistic ontological location, particularly in the nature of the process which underlies the development of self consciousness. Alexandre Kojeve finds Hegel’s dialectic of the mater/slave relationship to be referring to historically conditioned, material processes. The basic question concerns the amount of historicity required for the development of self consciousness: is it a purely external process brought about by the conflict between two living beings, or is it an internal struggle that encompasses the conflict between various faculties? Kojeve argues for the former interpretation. Kojeve on the Historicity of the Master/Slave Dialectic Kojeve’s analysis of the master/slave dialectic integrates Marxist conception of class struggle with Hegel’s phenomenological account. Beginning with Hegel’s view of desire, Kojeve holds the assumption that the physical creature is the basic unit of consciousness and the locus of desiring. It is from this foundation that humans, together with animals, have desire referred to as the drive to alter external shapes or forms of being to that which would suit their own interests and being. Desire seeks to transform the world, to negate the external object in its own existence and put it to the use of the desiring being. Kojeve, for instance, points to the desire of hunger as a clear example of a desire that a being has that negates the very existence of an object through radical change. The essence of human being lies in this power of negation; he argues that man is negating action, which transforms given being and by transforming it, transforms itself (Kojeve, 1980: 38). The difference that lies between human desire and animal desire is that human desire goes so far as to surpass itself. Humans possess desires that result in the negation of their conception as natural beings. This leads to the possibility of self consciousness which needs â€Å"transcendence of self with respect to self as given† (ibid 39). The key to this transcendence could be human desire if it focuses on that which liberates oneself from that mode of being. The ability to desire non-being is characteristically human and enables an individual to free himself from the concept of being that so enslaves human life. Instead of corresponding to the pulls and pushes of nature, humans can employ desire to transcend the mere â€Å"freedom of the turnspit† and achieve self consciousness. Kojeve is stressing on the biological basis of the master/slave relationship by labeling biological drives â€Å"desires†. The major difference between humans and animals is the ability of humans to desire non-being or death. According to Kojeve, the ability to desire non-being is the extreme limiting case of human freedom. Humans are free from their essence in the most basic way possible; they can opt to end it through their own desires. It is at this point that a desiring consciousness makes the realization that there are more than objects of desire in the world. The desiring subject becomes cognizant of other conscious beings in the world. According to Kojeve, a conscious being can only be satisfied when the other desiring conscious meets its desire for recognition. This is not a natural reciprocation from other beings, and the consequent lines of action are competitive in nature. There exists a struggle between the two agents in a life and death fight for recognition of the other. It appears that since humans demand recognition from the other being and possess the capacity to transcend natural animal desires through the desire of non-being, a struggle ensues between these desires. It seems as if Kojeve is arguing that freedom and ultimate worth reside in the ability of the being to defy nature and desire, and risking destruction in the face of inclinations towards natural preservation. Why is this risk being taken? The non-essential end of this endeavor is identification from another desiring consciousness. The only moment that animals seem to risk their lives is when they are pursuing the means to preserve their life. Humans on the other hand can defy nature to achieve desired recognition from other creatures of the same capabilities. Recognition cannot be gained from any animal in this scheme. It must be from a being that can also risk all of its natural prerogatives in the pursuit of the same end of recognition. Kojeve conceives of Hegel’s transition from a life and death struggle to one in which no being dies as a last and irreducible premise in the Phenomenology. It appears to be a mere assumption that the deadly struggle ends in one being assuming the role of the master and the other of the slave. According to Kojeve, this results from the ability of the master, and the inability of the slave to resist his natural instincts for survival. The master was strong enough to continue risking his life, while the slave eventually succumbed to his natural desires and attempted to preserve his life through assuming the role of the slave. Kojeve suggests that, â€Å"the vanquished has subordinated his human desire for recognition to the biological desire preserve life. The victor has risked his life for a non-vital end† (ibid 42). At the beginning of the struggle, the two agents appear to be unequal with regard to resolution and stamina. The one who is to be the slave is not capable of continuing the struggle and is therefore forced into subjection as the only way of preserving his life. It must be judged therefore that if both agents had similar resolution and power, the struggle could possibly and with both being slain. This is of course a condition that would not aid the establishment of self consciousness or the extension of biological life, perhaps explaining which Hegel stresses on the ascendance of one master and the servitude of one slave. The work of the slave is the intermediary between the master and the world of nature. According to Kojeve, it is this work that enables the master to satisfy all his needs without personal expectation; the master desires while the work of the slave bends nature to meet these desires. From the master’s perspective, desire is followed by immediate satisfaction. From the perspective of the slave, the desire of another is answered with their labor, which then results in the other’s desire being satisfied. In this scheme, the master is tied to the drives of nature; while he could risk his own natural drives to secure recognition from the subjugated other, his courage and freedom then faded into a mere pursuit of particular biological desires. According to Kojeve, the master remains a natural being, an animal since he maintains this state of egocentric desire and the satisfaction of desire. The actual action of negation and transformation that is achieved in the instantiated relationship of the master and the slave appears in that of the slave. He is the one that is acting and transforming the world, whereas the master merely has desires qua natural being. Given this foundation, Kojeve realizes that the base is set for the possibility of a historical process which is holistically the history of the Fights and the Work that finally ended in the Napoleonic wars and the table on which Hegel wrote the Phenomenology so as to comprehend both those wars and the table. History starts with the resolution of the initial struggle into two classes, those of the master and slave. All material products and future struggle are to be comprehended within this simple framework of master/slave dialectic. History is nothing but a product of the master/slave struggle, made up of entirely of such struggles, and is no more when such struggles end physically. The materialist tendencies in such a conception is quite evident especially when Kojeve remarks that man must always be either master or slave, and that beings must be in a relation with each other for them to be at least considered human. The extreme historicity of the master/slave dialectic is obvious in this conception which is important in describing not only the progress of world history but also the universal history, offering in details the interaction of humanity with the rest of the natural world. According to Hegel, the slave interacts with nature. It therefore follows that natural history details the progress of slave overcoming nature and bending it to its will. The will of the slave is however not the operative force here; instead, it is the master’s mediated will that drives the slave to his interaction with nature through his labor. According to Kojeve, it is this fundamental interaction with nature that enables the dialectic reversal of the master’s dominance and the slave’s subservience in the Phenomenology. The reading of Hegel’s master/slave dialectic by Kojeve is quite materially founded in its historicity. It involves conflict of individuals or groups, and requires that they resolve into two groups; those that fear death and become the slaves and those that can surpass this fear of death by risking their life and become masters. History starts with this struggle, and the entire history is the continuation of this struggle until the slaves are finally freed from the tyranny of the masters. The sources of this ultimate freedom are work, fear, and service, but only after the slave journeys through a series of ideologies, by which he seeks to justify himself, his slavery, to reconcile the ideal of freedom with the fact of slavery (ibid, 53). The final point of history, according to Kojeve, is when the physical struggle between mater and slave ultimately ceases. History reaches its final point since it is nothing but the constant struggle between masters and slaves. It is in this note that Kojeve ignores much of Hegel’s true purpose behind Phenomenology. Inadequacy of Kojeve’s formulation The materialist reading of the master/slave dialectic has been characterized by much criticism owing to what it has ignored concerning Hegel’s phenomenology. In emphasizing on the purely external struggle between two agents, such a reading simplifies the integral, internal role of another in the establishment of the subject’s self consciousness. Kojeve unduly restricts the master/slave analysis in Hegel’s Phenomenology to the external struggle between two creatures. The true reading of this dialectic must encompass other perspectives as well. The master/slave dialectic can be explicated from three perspectives. The first is the social which is exclusively adopted by Kojeve. This reading focuses on the physical, actual struggle of persons or groups to acquire recognition and power. It is however not enough to take this social perspective for the entire master/slave dialectic. The psychological perspective complements it, which regards the dialectic as an interpersonal struggle within the individual ego. With this regard, the master and slave are various powers or patterns of the mind itself. The latter perspective is one of fusion between the previous two perspectives; the ego is changed by internal processes that are set in motion due to the external struggle between agents. As far as the limitations of the social perspective is concerned, there is no problem with Kojeve’s analysis. The actual disagreement with Kojeve is enabling the historicity of the psychological account of the master/slave dialectic without reducing it to material conflict between physical agents. The heart of Hegel’s though is the Platonic parallel between conflict in the stater and conflict in the individual agent. According to this interpretation, the quest for harmony will enable the master/slave dialectic on the levels of both the social and the psychological. The psychological perspective on this dialectic is required to comprehend the succeeding development of self consciousness. Vital to this conception is the idea that the faculties of the ego must contend in order to act because a single comprehensive faculty, regardless of the number of egos, would render them either completely static or completely destructive. Therefore, internal conflict must underlie any external conflict. There is thus the possibility of giving a psychological interpretation of the master/slave dialectic as a struggle within the soul, of the ego striving for self consciousness. Problem with Kojeve according to Carl Schmitt and Emmanuel Levinas The fundamental commonality between Schmitt and Levinas is their replacement of a Hegelian conception of politics as a struggle for recognition emanating from an originary battle to the death with the view that the originary relationship is rather between the rescuer and the victim, always in the presumed presence of some third whose ethical position is not known. At the end of a century that is characterized and dominated by the dialectic of revolution and counter revolution, a shift to Levinas and/or Schmitt can help in understanding the post cold war linkage between the global and the local as a humanitarian relation between the rescuers and the victims and a political doctrine of preemptive third party intervention. Lavina argues that, by relating to beings in the openness of being, understanding finds a meaning for them in terms of being (Lavina, 2006: 87). With this regard, understanding does not invoke them but only names them. Understanding therefore carries an act of violence and of negation. Violence is therefore a partial negation. This partial negation can be defined by the fact that without disappearing, beings are within ones power. Violence denies the independence of beings. Possession is the means whereby a being, while existing, is partially denied. Lavina holds that it is not merely a fact that the being is an instrument and a tool, that is, as a means, it is also an end. According to Lavinas, peace is the paradigmatic ethical relation between one and another in proximity. As a relationship of pure exteriority of two neighbors, each of whom is incapable of knowing the other’s inner life, peace is entirely different in its origin and demands from the political pursuit of justice. Lavinas sees the responsibility for other human being as anterior to every question. Lavinas acknowledges politics as involving comparison, reciprocity and equality which is external to ethics and is always about peace rather than justice, and presumes human incommensurability. The specific political distinction to which political actions can be reduced is that between friend and enemy according to Schmitt (Schmitt, 1996: 26). The antithesis of friend and enemy does not contradict to the relatively independent criteria of other antitheses. He conceives of the distinction between friend and enemy to denote the utmost degree of intensity of union or separation, association or dissociation. It can exist both in theory and in practice without having to draw from other distinctions. His view shifts from that of Kojeve in the sense that he conceives of the other not to be necessarily an economic competitor. In other words, he does not view master/slave dialectic in the sense that Kojeve views it. According to him, a political enemy does not necessarily have to appear as a competitor. According to him, only the actual participants can correctly identify, comprehend and judge the concrete situation and settle the extreme case of conflict. Each participant, he argues, is in a position to judge whether the adversary intends to negate his opponent’s way of life and therefore must be repulsed or fought in order to preserve one’s own form of existence (Schmitt, 1996: 27). Terrorism as it pertains to master slave dialect Terrorism is an ideology of violence meant to intimidate or cause terror for the aim of exerting pressure on decision making by state bodies. It encompasses a series of acts that are meant to spread intimidation, panic, and destruction in a population. These acts can either be carried out by individuals and groups that are opposing a state or acting on behalf of the state. The question of violence is closely connected with sovereignty. The master slave dialectic must be a violence that makes sense, violence that results in the production of sense in the form of man and history. Terrorism on the other hand is a senseless violence that lays waste without recognition. In order to produce history, the master slave dialectic must produce the positions of master and slave. Because the master has not encountered death in all its terrifying reality as the absolute master and the slave has, the slave possesses the power over the master. In this situation, the act of terrorism is a struggle between masters and slaves. The terrorists have confronted the reality of death. Having defeated the slave, the master forced him to work. This labor implies that while the master is idle, the slave labors at transforming the world. The transforming labor of the slave eventually gives it the power to take up once the liberating Fight for recognition that he refused initially for fear of death. Terrorism thus becomes an element of a struggle between the master and the slave. According to master slave dialectic, the course of history is determined by this struggle.

95 theses

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The Impact of Maternal Iron Deficiency and IDA on Childhood - Essay Example This leads to the complication during pregnancy and may trigger post-pregnancy complications to the mother and child. In a bid to determine the impact of maternal iron deficiency and IDA on childhood, an extensive literature review was conducted. The review identified sources that exhibited relevance to the research question and that were recent. After analysis of the sources, which were both primary and secondary sources, the findings were compiled and have been presented in the discussion. From this literature review, it emerges that children and women are the risk groups likely to develop anaemia. Iron deficiency has been described as the leading nutritional condition in the globe. Moreover, 52% of expectant mothers do not meet the recommended iron level. Deficiency of iron in expectant mothers presents several symptoms such as fatigue, paleness, faint feeling, sour mouth and tinnitus. The causes of iron deficiency will be described in depth in this paper. In pregnant women, lack of sufficient weight gain may present a higher risk to the development of iron deficiency. Iron deficiency has adverse effects on both the mother and the unborn baby. In some cases, effect on the unborn babies my progress to early childhood. Prop er diet and iron supplementation are some of the leading interventions. The World Health Organization (1) states that anaemia is a haemoglobin level of less than 13 g/dL for males 15 years and above, less than 12 g/dL in non-expectant women 15 years and above, and less than 11 g/dL in women who have conceived. The criteria used to diagnose anaemia are not standardised. Moreover, there is a lack of clarity as to the differentiation between functional iron deficiency and absolute iron deficiency (2). Additionally, what is defined as the standard range for haemoglobin also differs within a given population.

Feminism and Cultural Identity Essay Example for Free

Feminism and Cultural Identity Essay Barbie, a worldwide viral doll known for her interest in adult-fashioned roles, indirectly constitutes the way American girls should grow up to be. With the creation of this doll came the thirst and need to sell it. Therefore, just one version of the Barbie doll is not sufficient. Mattel Inc., famous for its numerous toy creations yet infamous for its many controversies, has made Barbie’s boyfriend, sister, cousin and even her dog. Consequently, Mattel created Barbie collectibles that included the â€Å"Barbie Dolls of the World†. In this collection, the creation â€Å"the notorious PR Barbie† as Frances Negrà ³n-Muntaner states in Barbie’s Hair: Selling Out Puerto Rican Identity in the Global Market, has developed confusion, furiousness and also indifference in the Puerto Rican society. In Sandra Cisneros’ essay, Barbie Q, Barbie’s values are as she physically is, merely plastic. She is a â€Å"mean-eyed† fashionista boyfriend stealer with emphasis on the stealing part. Barbie has made society assume that girls and women’s interests are only based on their looks and men. At the same time, girls around the world are getting brainwashed into thinking that is what they were made to do and how they are meant to be. Because Barbie dolls are used by young girls who may be in the process finding who they are, these girls may grow up with these sexist values in their lives. With this being said, young girls are offered a very superficial way of life, the life of a Barbie, which may be pretty and cute from the outside but it’s a very fake one. With this, society has created a twisted way of how a girl or woman should be like. On this essay’s last paragraphs describes where the protagonists dolls come from; a flea market. The doll she had probably was damaged by a fire, but as she describes the damages it shows that in a way the child accepts not only the doll’s flaws, but her own. With this, she will not let society define perfection. And the search for perfection will be her own, not what society has taught. Another essay that embarks the same issue with Barbie dolls is the previously mentioned by Frances Negrà ³n-Muntaner. In this essay, Negrà ³n, states that when Mattel brought the new Boricua personage to the â€Å"Barbie Dolls of the World† collection, Puerto Rican people from both the island and migrants in the United States had distinct yet connected opinions of the doll. Island intellectuals criticized the doll’s Americanized ideal of what a Puerto Rican should be and is like, this being a wavy-haired mulatta. Still, Puerto Ricans living on the island bought the doll and made it one of the most sold. On the other hand, Islanders now living in the United States considered the doll â€Å"straight-haired and white†. The Puerto Rican Barbie offers young girls a misconception of what a Puerto Rican really is. The Puerto Rican Barbie was conceived almost in the 21st century with the mannerisms of a 19th century jà ­bara (a country-side woman). The idea behind â€Å"Barbie Dolls of the World† was that American girls learned about different cultures in the world. Since Barbie’s are sold worldwide, there is an issue that is developed instantly. The American corporation Mattel has a big dilemma: making sure that the conception of the dolls is loyal to the culture it corresponds, an issue that they did not pay attention with proximity for the Puerto Rican Barbie doll. Thanks to this doll, people from around the world perceive Puerto Rican identity as country mulatto men and women. When in reality, Puerto Rico’s race is a mix of African, Spanish and Taà ­no (natives): â€Å"The lingering impression that the Puerto Rican Barbie was essentially white and that its â€Å"mulattoness† was a cultural masquerade was reinforced by the box’s ethnic â€Å"origin† story for Puerto Ricans: ‘My country was discovered in 1493 by Christopher Columbus who claimed it for Spain.’ In only mentioning that the island was discovered by Columbus, Mattel and its allies connote that all Puerto Ricans are fundamentally Europeans and banish the influence of Natives and Africans to the back of the bus.† The doll’s box, to a certain point, limits the explanation of the Puerto Rican race and the consumer to his or her understanding and knowledge of the Puerto Rican culture, or any culture for that matter. The owner of the Barbie doll, or society passes to believe what the box primarily says. Usually, stereotypes are a general knowledge of a country or a culture. This not being the case on the Puerto Rican conception of the Barbie doll, she is put as an olive skinned, jà ­bara with a bomba dress, that in reality looks like a European dress with encaje (lace). If the doll was a jà ­bara (low class countryside woman) with a bomba dress, why did it have lace when it is a sign of a high-class European wardrobe? â€Å"The doll’s main concern is for you to ‘like the special white dress I am wearing. It is very typical of a dress I might wear to a festival of a party.’† states Frances Negrà ³n-Muntaner. The Puerto Rican doll is a complete stereotype of what a Puerto Rican is. If the box said that the doll is wearing a traditional outfit, or explained how our culture developed, it would be a different story. Nevertheless, the doll is put in a 19th century context when it was almost created within the new millennium. Clearly, Puerto Ricans must have passed through modernization or what Puerto Rican intellectuals call â€Å"Americanization†. Also, the doll’s features are the ones of a mulatto, when Puerto Ricans have a mixture of African, Taà ­no and Spanish. Puerto Rican’s ethnic background is omitted with this doll. However, the most controversial issue with this doll wasn’t its skin color or its â€Å"fiesta† wardrobe, it was its hair, as the essay’s title says: â€Å"Barbie’s Hair†. Frances Negrà ³n-Muntaner shows various Puerto Rican opinions on the doll’s hair but the most outrageous states as follows: â€Å"Lourdes Pà ©rez, a Puerto Rican Chicago-based, San Juan-raised interior decorator, was horrified at what she saw: ‘I don’t care that she’s white. Puerto Ricans come in all colors. But when I saw that hair, I thought ‘Dios mà ­o’, we just passed a terrible legacy to the next generation.â⠂¬â„¢ Despite exasperated responses from some Puerto Rico-based (white) men- â€Å"[t]his woman is saying that the prevalent lack of respect, the lawlessness, drugs, driving conditions, domestic and child abuse aren’t as terrible a legacy as a straight-haired Barbie† Lourdes Pà ©rez then was pointed out by Louis Aguilar as a Puerto Rican woman who probably spent countless hours straightening her hair before going to the office or school. She was described as a woman ashamed of her griferà ­a. Pà ©rez contradicts herself in the previous quote because she emphasized, â€Å"Puerto Ricans come in all colors† and yet criticized what big hair the doll had. Puerto Ricans, as previously informed, are a mix of 3 bloods: Taà ­no, Spanish and African. Therefore, the issue that the Puerto Rican Barbie’s hair provoked is illogical. What Mattel should have worked on better, were its features and the box historical background. Because Barbie is a globalized toy, it is impo rtant that the company portrays the culture correctly so people won’t generalize when in contact with another culture. The representation of Barbies as women helps re-create stereotypes because girls that play with these dolls are in the stage of life where they are in the process of formation as a human being. The doll’s profession or wardrobe will be what the child wants to grow up and be or know. Barbies as women are key to generalization and dolls should be what a kid wants it to be, not what a company wants women to be. In a way, Negrà ³n-Muntaner suggests in â€Å"Barbie’s Hair† that cultural stereotypes affect not only how people around the world view Puerto Ricans but also how Puerto Ricans view themselves. A sort of indifference has been created with this doll. Puerto Rican folk know that the doll’s historical background is completely disfigured yet they still go out and buy the collectible Barbie. That is to say, Puerto Ricans have passed to not care about how other people view them. People around the world see Puerto Ricans like the doll; peasants wearing bomba dresses with European lace, that meant the person is in a higher social class. It’s a bad combination of what we are. By reading these materials it has been clearly learned that it is very important that people know have a deep sense of they are and where they come from. Also, not to generalize a culture with a doll meant for a specific country. It is essential that we, as Puerto Ricans, become proud of our roots and get to know where we come from. We cannot limit our knowledge of what a Puerto Rican is and where he or she comes from to a doll. It is also necessary that girls own up to a Barbie, not the other way around. A Barbie is not a paradigm of what a girl should grow up to be. We are not perfect or plastic and we are not meant to be it either. This is where society fails. Most people don’t let their children know that they are perfect in their own way. It is most important that we let others know the wrongs that come from generalization and stereotypes. These, along with prejudice, paralyze and deactivate intelligence because people won’t let it flow or let he or she get influenced by other cultures and learn. [ 1 ]. Mulatto is the race mix of Spanish and Taà ­no. [ 2 ]. African-Puerto Rican dance that the lower class performed. [ 3 ]. Known as big kinky hair passed African folk.

Mortuary And Anatomical Pathology Health And Social Care Essay

Mortuary And Anatomical Pathology Health And Social Care Essay The Mortuary and Anatomic Pathology unit forms part of the Pathology Department. It is linked to the Mater Dei Hospital complex via an underground service corridor through which bodies will be transported in a more dignified manner. It is also situated in an isolated part of the Mater Dei complex in order to allow for a more dignified preparation of our dear departed in the quieter part of the Hospital. The mortuary offers various other services which include: Receiving bodies from the Hospital and other institutions and sources such as the community. Preparing bodies for their funeral rites. In the mortuary, besides there being a room for preparation of bodies of people who believed in the Roman Catholic faith, there is also a room saved for preparation of bodies for people who believed in other religions and have different religious rites with regard to preparation of the dead The mortuary offers an autopsy service for the various Hospitals that require a post mortem examination. The mortuary at Mater Dei is also equipped to cater for forensic post mortem studies. In order to provide these services, the mortuary contains many facilities and machines. These facilities and machines include a cold storage, body fridges, a post mortem area and a laboratory, an embalming room and a body preparation room. Viewing rooms are also present to enable relatives and friends to pay their last respects to the departed in a more private atmosphere. There is also a Mortuary Chapel where relatives and friends can find time for moments of silence and reflection and participate in the final prayers recited just before the body is transferred to an awaiting hearse for its last voyage to the cemetery. Duties of the Scientist at the Mortuary The main duties of the scientist at the mortuary and anatomic pathology unit are the administration and management of assets and procedures available at the mortuary. These duties include: Administration: This role incorporates the logistical and scientific aspects relevant to a modern Mortuary and Anatomic pathology unit. This role also includes rendering a service to clients so it is imperative that good customer service is offered. All release forms, death certificates, general morgue forms and client information has to be documented and filed properly by the administrative staff. Post mortem examinations, which can be ordered either by the Consultant within the state Hospitals in what is known as a hospital post mortem or by the Magistrate on duty if the person died under suspicious circumstances. In this case a forensic post mortem is used. The autopsy is also essential in determining the cause of death of investigated individuals. Histology. The samples obtained from the body during the autopsy must be subjected to histopathological investigation. The samples obtained from the body during the autopsy receive the same treatment as those obtained from a living patient in an operating theatre. Other procedures such as Health and safety, procurement of specimens, chain of custody, documentation and many more procedures. The Relevance of a Post Mortem Examination. A post mortem examination is a careful examination of the departed individual. It can offer valuable clues as to how the person died as well as information regarding the illness and its effects on the body. It may also give a more precise indication with regard to how the individual died. Sometimes, even the best and most detailed post mortem examinations may not uncover the cause of death and may also leave certain questions unanswered. These investigations are usually carried out by a pathologist. A pathologist is a person who specialises in the laboratory study of disease and of diseased tissue. The pathologist is assisted by a scientist with specialist training in this particular field. Post mortems are carried out in special facilities located in the Hospital Mortuary. Post mortem examinations are a benefit to the medical profession as they provide information regarding health and illness that would not be discovered anywhere else. These examinations paved the way for both anatomical discoveries and new information regarding illnesses. Post mortem examinations help identify the cause of death of an individual, confirm the nature of the illness and also the extent of the disease and are capable of identifying other undiagnosed conditions. Another use of post mortem examinations is to assess the effects of treatments and drugs and help identify complications or side effects. A post mortem is a valuable tool for loved ones as it helps them understand why the individual died. Families can occasionally ask questions that can only be answered by information acquired from a post mortem. Some of the information obtained from a post mortem examination can benefit future children in the family and patients who suffer from similar illnesses. (Post mortem exam ination à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ information for relatives, 2007). Steps Taken to Maintain Health and Safety Standards in the Mortuary The Mortuary presents a number of health and safety risks for personnel. These risks include both health related, accidents due to working conditions and risks specific to working with human remains. These remains are a serious biohazard and are host to various pathogens and hazardous residues such as bacteria, infectious spores, infectious soft tissue and residues of military and industrial chemicals. These pathogens can be transmitted either by hand to mouth contact, contact with mucus membranes, or via the air in the autopsy room or body fluids such as blood. Additional risks to transmission of pathogens include the handling of heavy bodies and using unsanitary and unsafe equipment. The Mortuary in the Mater Dei Hospital is split into two main areas, a clean area and a dirty area. These areas are separated by a transitional zone. The dirty areas include body stores at a temperature of 4 °C. It has easy to clean, non-porous surfaces and a system of containment for any body fluids. On the other hand, the clean area consists of the viewing rooms, the chapel, offices and reception areas. It also has proper ambient climate controls to remove odours and vapours and is mainly where clean equipment is stored. Bodies, equipment and people working in these separate areas must never come into contact with one another whilst working. Also, a body should never go into the dry area before it has been properly cleaned and any soft tissue found is removed. Once the soft tissue is removed it is placed in a freezer. The rest of the human remains are then stored in a separate freezing area. It is essential that all employees working at the Mater Dei Hospital mortuary wear personal protective equipment (PPE), which is designed to help protect the scientist from serious health and safety dangers. This equipment is found in the clean transitional area located in front of the autopsy room, to enable scientists to change into their safety equipment before entering. PPE worn by a scientist in the autopsy room of the mortuary include: Overalls/scrubs (washable or disposable). It is imperative that this particular equipment be worn every day to protect the skin from any debris and body fluid which may cause infection. Latex/nitrile gloves. Nitrile gloves are used by scientists who are allergic to latex and must be worn when handling bodies or body fluids. Double gloving is the procedure Facemask. It is usually found as a visor. This is worn when cleaning bodies, clothing and artefacts and has to be regularly cleaned by the scientist using it. It prevents infection by protecting the face from splash back of body fluids. Safety goggles/glasses. These are worn to prevent any debris from coming into contact with the eye, which could lead to a potentially serious injury and possibly infection. Mortuary shoes/wellington boots. These are non-slip boots similar to those used in surgeries. They are waterproof and prevent entry of fluids. Aprons. All surgical equipment used must be sanitised and autoclaved properly after every use and has to be stored in a safe and secure cupboard when it is not being utilized. The most dangerous tool, the autopsy saw, can only be used by experienced personnel. Hands and exposed skin must be washed after the autopsy to remove any debris or body fluids of the dead individual as these may cause infections. It is also important not to touch bare skin while wearing gloves. The scientist working in the autopsy room must not touch his or her eyes, mouth or nose to prevent spread of any blood borne infections. Beyond the changing area there is also a shower which scientists can use after handling body samples. The autopsy and dissection tables are made up of stainless steel and are connected to a supply of low pressure water. This water is treated with chlorine to remove any infectious agents and is then discharged into the normal sewage system. A High Energy Particulate Air (HEPA) filter can also b e found in the autopsy room to trap any viruses or airborne bacteria from exiting the facilities and circulating into the outside air. It is essential that outside clothing not be worn in the mortuary. Extra PPE should be worn in specific areas such as the biohazard room for extra protection and when samples are being taken for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) analysis. Finally, the mortuary is cleaned thoroughly and disinfected every night. Working in the mortuary poses a serious health risk to scientists. Some of these potential risks include working in too hot or too cold conditions, bacterial related sickness, body fluid or tissue related sickness, lifting injuries and stress related sickness. That is why it is ensured that vaccinations for certain diseases such as tetanus, Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B ,Tuberculosis, Typhoid, Diphtheria and Rabies be accounted for in every scientist working in the autopsy room. It is essential that every new employee undergoes a health and safety briefing and that risk assessments be carried out every time a new body arrives. The mortuary staff must be briefed on the new risks found. A first aid kit has to be present along with someone who knows how to give first aid. Anyone entering the mortuary has to follow general health and safety practices. Fragmentary bone may be sharp and bodies can be heavy, therefore the staff must undergo manual handling training.

Computer Network Fundamentals

Computer Network Fundamentals Harpreet Singh   Elements of computer communication. Computer Communication plays vital role to connecting two different devices and share the common information with each other and this information can be anything like text or video. To communicate from one computer to other it required some essential elements i.e. sender, receiver, medium, message and protocol. The Main parts or components of Data communication system are as Follows:- Sender Message Receiver Medium [ Communication channel ] Protocols Sender. The initial stage of communication is starts with sender. Sender is the person or machine who sends the message or start communicate with other devices. Sometime it is also called as transmitter. Message The secondary stage is creating message or idea and statement is to be communicated. A message can be verbal, text, number, picture etc. Medium [Communication channel] Medium is the intermediate of the communication channel. In other way medium is the technique which transmitted message from a sender to receiver. It is also called communication channel.   The source used in medium can be a wire, fibre or optical cable and telephone lines etc. Receiver Receiver is the person or the device which receives the message send by sender. The receiver can be a computer, printer, email or telephones etc. Protocol Protocols can be defined as a gathering of strategies which oversee correspondence of information between the PCs. Some protocol which are very commonly used in communication are HTTP(Hypertext transfer protocol), FTP(File transfer protocol), SSL(Secure socket layer) , TCP(Transmission control protocol),PPP(Point to point protocol). Identify the types of transmission:- Types of Transmissions Transmissions is transferring information between two devices. Basically there is three modes of transmissions i.e. simplex, half duplex, full duplex and these transmissions modes can also called as communication modes. However unicast, multicast, broadcast is also consider as transmissions. (Study tonight, n.d.) Simplex: In this mode data can be transmitted only via one way i.e. communication is unifacial. We cannot send back data to the Sender. The best example of simplex mode is Televisions and remotes. Half Duplex: In this mode data can be transferred from both sides but only one at a time, which means when the sender sends the data at the same time receiver cannot send the message to sender. For instance walkie talkie in which we transmit information one at a time and that information sent in the both ways. (Study tonight, n.d.) Full Duplex: In full duplex data can be transmitted from both directions, so it means it is two way communication. In this sender can sent message at the same time receiver also send message. The example of full duplex is Mobile phone in which both user can talk. (Study tonight, n.d.) Unicast:   Unicast is the transmission between a single sender and single receiver. For example browsing a website. Multicast: Multicasting is the transmission where a group of receivers wants to transmit with single sender. For example Wi-Fi in which there are multiple user access single medium i.e. Wi-Fi. Broadcast: Broadcasting is when we send message to multiple user and they all are able to read that same message this is called broadcasting. For watching T.V in which multiple user access a same program which is broadcast. Identify the types of transmission for the following use cases: Mr Smith is walking in the street and looking for a residence address. He is new in this city and do not understand the address code of residence. Then he asked a pedestrian Do you know where this is? This is the Unicasting transmission in which there is a new person ask to another person for address so it means there is single and single receiver. Lecturer said student with odd number student ID will join in STREM A. This is Multicasting transmission in which Lecturer is a sender and students with odd number are the group of receiver. Lecturer delivers the lecture in the class room. This is also Multicasting transmission in which lecturer is a sender and group of receiver is the student who access his lecture. Watching a TV. This Broadcasting transmission in which multiple user access same program. Two police men communicate with each other over walkie-talkie. This is the Half-duplex transmission in which a single information is transmitted at a time and information is send in the both ways. Mr John made a phone call to his wife that he will be late today. This is Full-Duplex transmission in which date is transmitted from both ways. (A) Describe the difference between packet and circuit switching. Circuit Switching When the two machine communicate over a specific communication path, it is called as circuit switching. There is always required pre-described route from where data should be move and no other data is allowed. In circuit switching to transmit the data firstly circuit must be established so that data can be transmitted. There are three phases from which all the application using circuit switching have to pass through: 1 Establish a circuit 2 Transfer the data 3 Disconnect the circuit Circuit switching was intended for voice applications. Phone is the best reasonable case of circuit switching. Prior to a client can make a call, a virtual way amongst guest and call is set up over the system. (Tutorials point, n.d.) Packet Switching (PS) In packet switching the whole message is separated into small pieces is known as packet switching. The switching data sum up in the header of each packet and exchange separated. It is always easier to all devices in the network which are intermediate with each other to store small size packets. As we can see in the figure packet can follow any path to reach the destination. Best suitable example for packet switching is internet. Packet switching the internet uses packet switching technique. Packet switching enables the user to differentiate data streams based on priorities. Packets are stored and forwarded according to their priority to provide quality of service.(Tutorials point, n.d.) DIFFRENCE BETWEEN PACKET SWITCHING AND CIRCUIT SWITCHING(rfwireless-world, n.d.) Describe the multiplexing Network. There are many multiplexing networks. Network multiplexing list is below. Time Division Multiplexing:- TDM is applied principally on digital signal yet can be applied to analog signal also. In TDM the common channel is isolated among its client by the method of the time slot. Every client can transmit information inside the given time slot only. Digital signals are isolated in frames, proportionate to time slot i.e. frames of an ideal size which can be transmitted in given time slot. Frequency-Division Multiplexing:- In FDM every signal is allocated its own particular frequency range inside a bigger frequency band. The frequency range for the channel cannot cover. Frequency bands are regularly isolated by an unused block of the frequency range to diminish interference. FDM is utilized mostly for simple transmissions. It can be utilized over both wired and remote mediums. The best example of FDM is FM radio. Code-Division Multiplexing:- Multiple data signal can be transmitted over a solitary frequency by utilizing code division multiplexing. FDM isolates frequency into the small channels yet CDM permit its clients to full bandwidth and transmit the signal all the time utilizing remarkable code. CDM always uses orthogonal codes to spread signals. Wave-Division Multiplexing:- Light has the diverse wavelength (colors). In fibre optic mode, various optical transporter signs are multiplexed into an optical fibre by utilizing diverse wavelengths. This is a simple multiplexing method and is done adroitly in an indistinguishable way from FDM, however, utilizes light assigns. Describe the Performance Factor. Latency:- The term Latency to any of a few sorts of postpones commonly brought about in handling of system information. A network connection that phases a little delay time is knows as low latency, on other side high latency is totally opposite of low latency in which network experienced long delay. Throughput: Throughput is the bulk of traffic which a network can tackle at any one time. For example higher the lanes on the motor way it will accommodate higher traffic as similar in the network if the bit rate is higher than it will transfer the data at higher rate but responding time would be the issue if the response is slow then your network might be not having the enough throughput. (Blog Wildpackets, n.d.) Bandwidth:- Bandwidth is defined as a range with in a band of frequencies or wavelengths (Webopedia, n.d.). Bandwidth describes the speed rate of the network and the maximum data is transfer if the bandwidth of the network is higher. Jitter:- Jitter is basically delaying of packets to reaches its destination at different time and the order in which packets were send may be disorder. In other words loss of voice packets while communicating with other person is caused by the jitter. Response time:- Response time is the elapsed time between an inquiry on a system and the response to that inquiry. (Techopedia, n.d.) Response time is the time that shows the users are accurately exchanging the information or devices are connect with each other. Describe the types of network based on geographical. Local Area Networks (LAN):- A Local Area Networks (LAN) as name shows it will cover only a local area a smaller part of an area like a small office, school or a house. A LAN transfer data at much higher than MAN WAN. A LAN can be install in two ways either wired or wireless based on Ethernet. Sharing of storage, printer and common files is possible on LAN but there is the possibility of conjunction because if all the users access these resource on the same time on the single LAN then it will take some time.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€š   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   (Udemy, n.d.) Metropolitan Area Network (MAN):- Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) usually cover the larger area as compared to LAN. It will cover the cities or small towns or organization to provide higher speed of data transmission. MAN is used when you want to connect two or more computer to communicate with effective speed. The technologies used in MAN is ATM (Asynchronies Transfer Mode), FDDI (Fibre Distributed Data Interface) etc. (Udemy, n.d.) Wide Area Network (WAN):- Wide Area Network (WAN) is usually cover higher geographical are like cities, countries, towns. WAN is the mixture of the LAN and MAN which are interconnect with each other so that the user who wants to communicate from different places are able to send data or information at higher speed. WAN is connected through satellite, public network etc. WAN is usually very expensive as compared to other networks. (Udemy, n.d.) Blog Wildpackets. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://blog.wildpackets.com/: http://blog.wildpackets.com/2011/05/31/four-factors-that-affect-your-network-performance.html rfwireless-world. (n.d.). Retrieved from rfwireless-world.com: http://www.rfwireless-world.com/Terminology/circuit-switching-vs-packet-switching.html Study tonight. (n.d.). Studytonight. Retrieved from Studytonight.com: http://www.studytonight.com/computer-networks/transmission-mode Techopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.techopedia.com: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/9181/response-time Tutorials point. (n.d.). Retrieved from tutorialspoint.com: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/data_communication_computer_network/physical_layer_switching.htm Udemy. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://blog.udemy.com: https://blog.udemy.com/lan-wan-man/ Webopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.webopedia.com: http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/B/bandwidth.html

Why Do We Believe In Angels :: essays research papers

In various retail stores today, you will find many angel knickknacks. Angles are truly believed in by today's society. The retail ranges from books to clothing to toys. Most recently, over 200 books about angels are in book stores, and several million copies have been sold worldwide (Dumas 59). Why do people buy this merchandise if it can not be proven that angels are real? Believing in angels is like believing in God. If you don't believe in God, just look around at the things around you and conclude how everything was created (Angel Wings).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Do angels really exist? Everyone wants to know about everything around us. If the person on the street is holding a sign saying 'will work for food'; was really an angel in disguise. Or the women that arrived just in time to save a runaway car full of three small children. Was she really an angel? In the bible in Hebrews 13:2 it says 'Be not forgetful to entertain strangers for thereby some have entertained angels unawares.'; There are over 300 references in the bible about angels. For example, in the new testament angels announced the birth of Christ, in Luke 2:8 angels told shepards where to find the infant Jesus, also in Luke an angel went to a tomb of Christ to announce his resurrection (Auburn University 1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Billy Graham wrote a very good perspective of angels in his book Angels: God's Secret Agents. He stated:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lucas 2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ' I am convinced that these heavenly beings exist and that they provide   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  unseen aid in our behalf. I do not believe in angles because someone has   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  told me about a dramatic visitation from an angel, impressive as such   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  testimonies may be. I do not believe in angles because UFO's are   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  astonishingly angels-like in some of their reported appearances. I do not   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  believe in angels because some ESP experts are making the realm of the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  spirit world seem even more plausible. I do not believe in angels because   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  of the sudden worldwide emphasis on the reality of Satan and demons. I   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  do not believe in angles because I have never seen one- because I haven't.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I believe in angels because the Bible says there are angels; and I believe the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bible to be the true Word of God (Hilbb 2) .';   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In an essay by Linda Ray, she stated her belief about angels. She wrote that she believes in angels because God's word, the Holy Bible, tells her they are real, giving many accounts of the activity in the lives of people on earth.

john kerry :: essays research papers

Kerry's rivals wax optimistic Massachusetts senator goes for third weekend win Howard Dean braves the cold weather to speak to supporters outside of a caucus site in Bangor, Maine. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Story Tools -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CNN ELECTION EXPRESS On the campaign trail: The latest Express Line dispatch VIDEO Kerry wins caucuses in Washington state and Michigan. PLAY VIDEO -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Kerry sharpens his attack on the Bush administration. PLAY VIDEO -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GOP may target Kerry by labeling him a "Massachusetts liberal." PLAY VIDEO RELATED Gallery: Analyzing the results Gallery: On the campaign trail Gallery: The candidates, up closer -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- †¢ Kerry labels Bush 'extreme' †¢ Dean loses endorsement †¢ Edwards focuses on the South †¢ Analyzing Michigan, Washington †¢ Poll: Kerry has national appeal DEMOCRATIC CONTESTS †¢ Sunday, February 8: Maine caucuses †¢ Tuesday, February 10: Tennessee and Virginia primaries †¢Tuesday, February 17: Wisconsin primary When is your primary? For more key dates in the 2004 election season, see our special America Votes 2004 Election Calendar SPECIAL REPORT †¢ Complete February 3 results †¢ Upcoming Races: Washington, Michigan, Maine †¢ Delegate Scorecard †¢ Primary Explainer †¢ Special Report YOUR E-MAIL ALERTS America Votes 2004s Presidential Race Democratic candidates Presidential primaries or Create your own Manage alerts | What is this? BANGOR, Maine (CNN) -- Democrats across Maine braved frigid winds Sunday to have their say in presidential caucuses in which 24 delegates to the party's nominating convention are up for grabs. Front-runner Sen. John Kerry of neighboring Massachusetts entered the Maine contest with the momentum from two dominant first-place showings in Saturday's caucuses in Washington and Michigan. Kerry also has the endorsements of Maine's Democratic governor, John Baldacci, and former U.S. Sen. George Mitchell. A win in Maine would be his 10th victory in 12 primaries and caucuses. Former Vermont Gov. Howard Dean, struggling to revive his once-promising campaign, was the only candidate barnstorming the state Sunday, making stops in six cities, hoping his fellow New Englanders don't give him the cold shoulder. "Maine folks are just like Vermont people -- they're very independent. And that's a great place to start the turnaround," Dean said after greeting supporters in Bangor who braved sub-zero wind chill to cheer their candidate. Results from the caucuses were expected from party officials about 9 p.m. Dean finished second in both caucuses Saturday. He got 30 percent of the delegate support in Washington, his best showing in any of the nominating contests held so far. But he was nearly 20 points behind Kerry, and 35 points behind him in Michigan.

Nicolaus Copernicus :: essays research papers

Nicolaus Copernicus His Life:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout history people have always looked up at the sky and wondered about the universe. Some just wonder while others attempt to solve this mystery. One of the people who had endeavored to solve it was Nicolaus Copernicus.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Copernicus was born in the present day town of Torun, Poland in February of 1473. While still a young boy, Copernicus was put in custody of his uncle when his father died. His uncle made sure that his nephew got the best education they could obtain. This is how Copernicus was able to enter the University of Krakow, which was well known for its mathematics, and astronomy programs. After finishing in Krakow, he was inspired to further his education by going to the University of Bologna in Italy. While there, he roomed with Domenico Maria de Novara, the mathematics professor. In 1500, Copernicus lectured in Rome and in the next year, obtained permission to study medicine at Padua. Before returning to Poland, he received a doctorate in canon law from the University of Ferrara.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Copernicus lived with his uncle in his bishopric palace. While he stayed there he published his first book which was a translation of letters written by the 7th century writer, Theophylactus of Simocatta. After that he wrote an astronomical discourse that laid the foundation of his heliocentric theory; the theory that the sun is the center of our solar system. However, it was 400 years before it was published.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After leaving his uncle, he wrote a treatise on money, and began the work for which he is most famous, On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres, which took him almost 15 years to write. It is ironic that what he devoted a good part of his life would not be published until he was on his deathbed. His Theory:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To understand the contribution Copernicus made to the astrological community, you first need to understand the theory that had been accepted at the time of Copernicus.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The question of the arrangement of the planets arose about 4000 BC. At this time the Mesopotamians believed that the earth was at the center of the universe and that other heavenly bodies moved around the earth. This belief was synonymously know as geocentric. They believed this, but they had no scientific proof to support it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It was not until the 2nd century that the famous astronomer, Ptolemy, gave an explanation for the movement of the stars across the sky, that the geocentric theory began to become creditable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  That was the theory that existed at the time of Copernicus. Copernicus was not the first one to come up with the idea of a sun-centered (heliocentric)

Effects of Having Long Term Separation from Parents

Questionnaire on the effects of long term separation from parents among college students Part I. Personal information of the respondents Instruction: Put a check (v) on the blank for your answer. A. Age ____ 15 ____ 16 ____ 17 ____ 18 Other (please specify) ______ B. Gender ____ Male ____ Female C. Who works abroad ____ Father ____ Mother ____ Both D. Whom do they live with ____ Father ____ Mother ____ Grandfather ____ Grandmother Other (please specify) ______ E. Number of years being separated ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ___ 6 and above f. age when parents left (please specify)___ Part II. Effect of long term separation from parents among Instructions: Read the following sentences and use the way of weighing your answers given below. Put a check (v) on the numbered columns on the right that correspond your answer. 4 – Strongly Agree2 – Disagree 3- Agree1- Strongly Disagree Corresponding Factors| 4| 3| 2| 1| Psychological| Individual Perceptions on Parents Working Abroad| 1. M y parent/s work abroad to give me a better future| | | | | 2.My parent/s work abroad to fulfill their dreams| | | | | 3. My parents gave me material things just to cover their absence| | | | | 4. My parent/s gives everything that I ask for| | | | | 5. I lived my life normally without my parent/s | | | | | Feelings Towards Long Term Separation from Parents| 1. I feel the love and concern of my parent/s even they are not with me| | | | | 2. I missed my parent/s| | | | | 3. I hate my parent/s for living me| | | | | 4.I have difficulty on sharing my emotions and feelings to my parent/ s | | | | | 5. I feel secure with my present guardian| | | | | Mental| 1. I always attend my classes| | | | | 2. I always do my homework| | | | | 3. I always have good grades in academics| | | | | 4. I cheat during examinations| | | | | 5. I got involved in cutting classes| | | | | 6. My guardian help me in my studies| | | | | 7. I made my own decisions| | | | | Social| 1. I spent more time at home| | | | | 2.I have good communication with my parents through internet and phone calls| | | | | 3. I have lots of friends| | | | | 4. I sleep over with my friends most of the time| | | | | 5. I hang out with others most of the time| | | | | 6. I don’t attend family gathering | | | | | 7. I am a loner | | | | | 8. I am a member of a gang/ fraternity| | | | | III. Effect of the different factors in long term separation from parents among college students Instructions: Read the following sentences and use the way of weighing your answers given below.Put a check (v) on the numbered columns on the right that correspond your answer. 4 – Strongly Agree2 – Disagree 3- Agree1- Strongly Disagree Corresponding Factors| 4| 3| 2| 1| Lifestyle| 1. I am an alcoholic| | | | | 2. I am a smoker| | | | | 3. I got involved in taking prohibited drugs| | | | | 4. I got involved in premarital sex| | | | | 5. I ate at home most of the time| | | | | 6. I don’t eat meals regularly| | | | | Behavior| 1. I obey my present guardian| | | | | 2. I obey my parent/s even they are not with me| | | | | 3. I am independent| | | | | . I take the responsibilities in taking care of my siblings| | | | | 5. I always have enemy| | | | | 6. I got involved in bullying someone| | | | | 7. I argued with my siblings most of the time| | | | | Peer pressure| 1. I feel secure when I am with my friends| | | | | 2. My friends influenced me in smoking| | | | | 3. My friends influenced me in drinking| | | | | 4. I watched and read pornographic materials with my friends| | | | | 5. My friends share their sex experiences| | | | | 6. My friends helps me in my studies| | | | | Effects of Having Long Term Separation from Parents Questionnaire on the effects of long term separation from parents among college students Part I. Personal information of the respondents Instruction: Put a check (v) on the blank for your answer. A. Age ____ 15 ____ 16 ____ 17 ____ 18 Other (please specify) ______ B. Gender ____ Male ____ Female C. Who works abroad ____ Father ____ Mother ____ Both D. Whom do they live with ____ Father ____ Mother ____ Grandfather ____ Grandmother Other (please specify) ______ E. Number of years being separated ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ___ 6 and above f. age when parents left (please specify)___ Part II. Effect of long term separation from parents among Instructions: Read the following sentences and use the way of weighing your answers given below. Put a check (v) on the numbered columns on the right that correspond your answer. 4 – Strongly Agree2 – Disagree 3- Agree1- Strongly Disagree Corresponding Factors| 4| 3| 2| 1| Psychological| Individual Perceptions on Parents Working Abroad| 1. M y parent/s work abroad to give me a better future| | | | | 2.My parent/s work abroad to fulfill their dreams| | | | | 3. My parents gave me material things just to cover their absence| | | | | 4. My parent/s gives everything that I ask for| | | | | 5. I lived my life normally without my parent/s | | | | | Feelings Towards Long Term Separation from Parents| 1. I feel the love and concern of my parent/s even they are not with me| | | | | 2. I missed my parent/s| | | | | 3. I hate my parent/s for living me| | | | | 4.I have difficulty on sharing my emotions and feelings to my parent/ s | | | | | 5. I feel secure with my present guardian| | | | | Mental| 1. I always attend my classes| | | | | 2. I always do my homework| | | | | 3. I always have good grades in academics| | | | | 4. I cheat during examinations| | | | | 5. I got involved in cutting classes| | | | | 6. My guardian help me in my studies| | | | | 7. I made my own decisions| | | | | Social| 1. I spent more time at home| | | | | 2.I have good communication with my parents through internet and phone calls| | | | | 3. I have lots of friends| | | | | 4. I sleep over with my friends most of the time| | | | | 5. I hang out with others most of the time| | | | | 6. I don’t attend family gathering | | | | | 7. I am a loner | | | | | 8. I am a member of a gang/ fraternity| | | | | III. Effect of the different factors in long term separation from parents among college students Instructions: Read the following sentences and use the way of weighing your answers given below.Put a check (v) on the numbered columns on the right that correspond your answer. 4 – Strongly Agree2 – Disagree 3- Agree1- Strongly Disagree Corresponding Factors| 4| 3| 2| 1| Lifestyle| 1. I am an alcoholic| | | | | 2. I am a smoker| | | | | 3. I got involved in taking prohibited drugs| | | | | 4. I got involved in premarital sex| | | | | 5. I ate at home most of the time| | | | | 6. I don’t eat meals regularly| | | | | Behavior| 1. I obey my present guardian| | | | | 2. I obey my parent/s even they are not with me| | | | | 3. I am independent| | | | | . I take the responsibilities in taking care of my siblings| | | | | 5. I always have enemy| | | | | 6. I got involved in bullying someone| | | | | 7. I argued with my siblings most of the time| | | | | Peer pressure| 1. I feel secure when I am with my friends| | | | | 2. My friends influenced me in smoking| | | | | 3. My friends influenced me in drinking| | | | | 4. I watched and read pornographic materials with my friends| | | | | 5. My friends share their sex experiences| | | | | 6. My friends helps me in my studies| | | | |

Thirteen Days vs. the real Cuban Missile Crisis

The year is 1962 and American surveillance planes discover that the USSR is in the rocess of placing nuclear ballistic missiles in Cuba. The missiles have a said they are capable of reaching the majority of the United States Air Force bomber bases effectively crippling their ability to retaliate. It Is a race to find a means of removing the missiles before they become operational. Thus the problem for the President is to decide whether to use force or diplomatic means to keep the missiles un-operational.Initial diplomatic attempts to come to a peaceful conclusion fail and the Secretary of Defence proposes a naval blockade which they call a â€Å"quarantine† nd if the Soviets ignore the blockade, the Navy will forcibly remove the ships from going to Cuba. This would quickly escalate the situation which Is clearly what the Secretary of Defence wanted but the President with help of his Special Assistant; Kenneth O'Donnell, realized that an invasion of Cuba by Americans would lead to the Soviets invading Berlin effectively causing a World War Ill.In the end through unique communication methods between the US and the Soviets the Soviets agree to remove the mlsslles from Cuba providing the us promises never to Invade Cuba as well as remove missiles from Turkey. One of the most criticized aspects of the movie Is that Kenneth O'Donnell; who was Special Assistant to the President had a very influential and substantial role in the movie. Quite often he is found dissuading President Kennedy from the so called solutions from the Secretary of Defence and his entourage.He is always reminding Kennedy of the repercussions of the actions that Secretary of Defence Robert McNamara proposes. At one point Kenneth said in reference to surveillance flights and the rules of engagement; that if a plan were shot at, the site would be bombed, â€Å"This is a setup. The chiefs want to go in. They need to redeem themselves for the Bay of Pigs. † This seemed quite reasonable a s the Bay of Pigs was an unsuccessful attempt at military invasion of Cuba and those in charge needed redemption.Unfortunately; although Kenneth O'Donnell appeared a great protagonist, he did not have that kind of role In the crlsls In reality. Following the release of the movie the actual former Secretary of Defence; Robert McNamara, said â€Å"For God's sakes, Kenny O'Donnell didn't have any role whatsoever In the missile crisis; he was a political appointment secretary to the President; that's absurd. It may seem as though McNamara could have Just been bitter about the way he was portrayed in the movie but the conclusion he came to was generally what all those involved in the crisis thought about O'Donnell's role. Although McNamara pointed out that the role 1 OF2 O'Donnell played was slmllar to lea Sorenson saying â€Å"It was not Kenny O'Donnell who pulled us all together†it was Ted Sorensen. Ted Sorensen was President Kennedy's Special Counsel ; Adviser and it makes muc h more sense for him to have taken on the role O'Donnell portrayed as President Kennedy once called him his â€Å"intellectual blood bank. † leading one to believe that the President must have had reat faith in Sorenson. President Kennedy asked Sorenson to take part in foreign policy as well as being a member of Excomm (The Executive Committee of the National Security Council) during the Crisis.All of this would lead one to believe Sorenson must have played the role of O'Donnell in reality. So why didn't the producer Just stick with that in the film? It was because the appearance of Kenneth O'Donnell is much more appealing to the average American. He is the perfect protagonist, Just an average middle class American trying to do the right thing. That is why he was given this role and it is understandable why this trade off would be ade for entertainment purposes as Thirteen Days is a movie and not a documentary.

How and why does Othello’s language change over the course of the Play? Essay

Othello is a classical tragedy in the sense that it has a hero with many virtues who is brought down by a combination of an evil man and his own weakness, jealousy. This rise and fall is echoed in the language given to Othello by Shakespeare which moves from the confidence in front of Brabantio through the violent images and indecision of his undermining by Iago back to some nobility when he realises what he has done. When Othello first appears on stage in Act 1 Scene 2 he has such confidence in his skill with language that he can claim that he is â€Å"rude† in his speech, knowing that no one will possibly believe him. His well-chosen words â€Å"keep up your bright swords, for the dew will rust them† diffuse a potentially dangerous situation and atmosphere. These first few lines create an image of Othello as confident and strong. It also shows that he has a dramatic impact on the other characters and the play itself. The situation arises with Brabantio and his men hold their swords up to Othello and his soldiers, but with those well-chosen words he tells Brabantio and his men to put their swords back in their sheaths. â€Å"for the dew will rust them† is just a bit of sarcasm. He is reminding them that they are merely civilians and policemen and Othello is a military officer and the men behind him are soldiers. It is impossible for Brabantio to win this fight. Earlier when Iago asks Othello if he is secure in his marriage, he replies, â€Å"But that I love the gentle Desdemona I would not unhoused my free condition put into circumscription and confine for the sees’ worth† Here Othello is comparing the value of his freedom and his love for Desdemona to all the treasures of the sea. This is an image typically used by Othello. In scene 3 of the first act Othello is at the Senate, replying to Brabantio’s accusations of casting a spell over Brabantio’s daughter making her fall in love with him. In his speech there is obvious irony and exotic language. Again typical Othello language, â€Å"Rude am in my speech and little bless’d with the soft phrase of peace† that passage is obvious irony as Othello is certainly not rude in his speech he is completely opposite to that. He speaks in dazzling blank line verses that amaze his audience. â€Å"For since these arms of mine had seven years’ pith, till now some nine moons wasted, they have used their dearest action in the tented field, and little of this great world can I speak, More than pertains to feats of boil and battle,† The key test Othello faces is when he has to defend himself in front of the Duke in the council chamber. Brabantio has already accused Othello of witchcraft and the Dukes immediate reaction without knowing it is Othello is one of horror. â€Å"Whoe’e he be that in this foul proceeding hath thus beguiled your daughter of herself†¦ the bloody book of law you shall yourself read in the bitter letter after your own sense, yea, though our proper son stood in your action†. Potentially Othello the soldier is up against the ruling class of Venice but he doesn’t hesitate to challenge Brabantio head on. He is confident enough to suggest Desdemona should be allowed to speak for herself â€Å"Send for the lady to the Sagittary, and let her speak of me before her father†. While they are waiting for Desdemona to arrive Othello launches into a coherently argued forty-line speech. He tells the story of how it was Brabantio himself who brought them together â€Å"Her father loved me, oft invited me, still questioned me the story of my life†. He goes on to describe his distinguished military career. Not only does this get the audience on his side but he is able to use the trick in speeches of describing things in three’s; â€Å"Wherein I spake of most disastrous chances, Of moving accidents by flood and field, Of hair-breadth scapes i’th’imminent deadly breach, Of being taken by the insolent foe, And sold to slavery,†. In this section he conjures up a world dominated by nature and allusions to tribes from classical myths, â€Å"And portance in my travels’ history: wherein of antres vast and desert idle, rough quarries, rocks and hills whose heads touch heaven it was my hint to speak,-such was the process; and of the Cannibals that each other eat, the Anthropophagi and men whose heads do grow beneath their shoulders.†. Even here Othello is able to use words like antres instead of caves and talk of cannibals as Anthropophagi. The rest of the speech is used to show that Desdemona was indeed spellbound but from the story of Othello’s life rather than any magic. He ends triumphantly by rejecting Brabantio’s charge with the two lines â€Å"This only is the witchcraft I have used: Here comes the lady; let her witness it.† After the Turkish fleet was beaten by the storm and defeated by natural rather than military might, Othello has no military duties left to do. Therefore the play now concentrates on the relationships and becomes a much more domestic tragedy. Iago becomes the new enemy not the Turks; he is free to indulge in the evil he has hinted at before. Readers become aware of his evilness as the play unfolds, â€Å"Make the moor thank me, love me, and reward me for making him egregiously an ass and practicing upon his peace and quiet even to madness† Iago as part of this plan gets Cassio drunk because he knows that he can’t hold much drink. Cassio starts a brawl and as a result gets sacked by Othello. Iago then tells him to go and see Desdemona and ask for his job back. Act 111-scene iii is one of the key scenes in the play. At the beginning of this very long scene Othello has complete control over his mind and actions. By the end he is on the edge of being completely insane and the revenge on Desdemona is looming, â€Å"I’ll tear to pieces.† And â€Å"Damn her, lewd Minx†. This is all because of the corruption and evilness of Iago. He has poisoning Othello’s mind. At the beginning, Iago starts to introduce the idea that Desdemona might be unfaithful, as he does throughout the scene Iago exits just after this accusation to leave Othello to contemplate what Iago has just said. Immediately Shakespeare shows through the language that Othello is in two minds about what is going on. His first reaction is to use a bold, manly metaphor from falconry, which is meant to show that he is determined to do what a man must do. â€Å"Thought that her jesses were my dear heartstrings, I’d whistle her off, and let her down the wind.† Yet seven lines later he is using a much more negative image â€Å"I had rather be a toad and live upon the vapour of a dungeon, than keep a corner in the thing I love for others’ uses. Yet, ’tis the plague of great ones.† He rounds of this soliloquy with another phrase showing his confusion when he says â€Å"O, then heaven mocks itself!† before Desdemona enters. At this early stage it is interesting to note that Othello is still able to use irony to put himself down as he did in Act 1 when he says â€Å"Haply, for I am black and have not those soft parts of the convocation that chamberers have,† When Desdemona drops her handkerchief and Emilia finds it and hands it to Iago. He informs the audience of the plot by using a soliloquy. He is going to put it in Cassio’s lodgings to implicate him. Just before Othello comes back in Iago points out the torment that Othello is in, â€Å"The Moor already changes with my poison: Dangerous conceits are in their natures poisons, which at the first are scarce found to distaste, but, with a little act upon the blood, burn like the mines of sulphur.† Othello immediately confirms this when he says to Iago â€Å"thou hast set me on the rack.† Othello’s next soliloquy, while on the surface confident and coherent is in fact a realisation that the military life in which he has been confident in has come to an end. Although the language and structure hark back to his act 1 oratory, he is putting into words the change of scene that has taken place- the enemy has changed from the Turks on the battlefield to Iago in the bedroom. When he is saying farewell to the military life, he not only uses a lot of military images but he also does it in a way that is very formal repeating the word ‘farewell’, â€Å"O, now, for ever farewell the tranquil mind! Farewell content! Farewell the plumped troop and the big wars that make ambition virtue! O, farewell, Farewell the neighing steed and the shrill trump, the spirit-stirring drum, the ear-piercing fife, the royal banner, and all quality, Pride, pomp, and circumstance of glorious war!† Immediately the surface calm of this formal speech is shattered when Othello grabs Iago by the throat and says â€Å"Villain, be sure thou prove my love a whore.† He continues the violent imagery when he says â€Å"Thou hadst been better have been born a dog than answer my wsk’d wrath!† When Iago threatens to go into a sulk at Othello doubting what he is alleging, Othello stops him from leaving but immediately reveals his indecision â€Å"I think my wife be honest, and think she is not; I think that thou are just, and think that thou are not.† This sense of turmoil is further underlined by the aggressive images he uses â€Å"If there be cords or knives, poison or fire or suffocating streams, I’ll not endure’t. – would I were satisfied!† which Iago confirms by saying â€Å"I see, sir, you are eaten up with passion.† Iago then assumes control of the situation and extends the animal sexual imagery by talking about â€Å"Were they as prime as goats, as hot as monkeys, as salt as wolves in pride, and fools as gross as ignorance made drunk.† He introduces the lie of hearing Cassio talk about his love for Desdemona in his sleep. The scene ends with Othello making one last attempt to speak formally with classical allusions â€Å"like to the Pontic Sea, Whose icy current and compulsive course ne’er feels retiring ebb, but keeps due on to the Propontic and Hellespont.† Just before the end Iago and Othello kneel down together and Iago solemnly swears to provide evidence of Desdemona’s wrong doing to Othello. His real state of mind though is shown with the last four lines â€Å"Damn her, lewd minx! O, damn her! Damn her! Come, go with me apart; I will withdraw, to furnish me with some swift means of death for the fair devil. Now art thou lieutenant.† Even in describing Desdemona as a ‘Fair Devil’ Othello uses an oxymoron to show his confusion. Act 4 opens with Othello and Iago discussing the proof that has been obtained so far. It quickly becomes apparent that Othello’s mental state has rapidly deteriorated. When Iago starts to introduce the idea that Cassio has been sleeping with Desdemona with the key word ‘Lie’, the conversation breaks down in confusion over whether Cassio has been ‘lying’ with Desdemona or if Shakespeare is really drawing attention to the fact that Iago is telling a ‘Lie’. Othello’s response is one of total confusion; he abandons the well-formed blank verse he has spoken in for almost incoherent prose. Before he falls into a trance he is reduced to a series of short exclamations, â€Å"Pish! Noses, ears, and lips. Is’t possible? – confess? – Hand-kerchief? – O devil!† Cassio briefly re-enters and is told by Iago to come back after a short while. When Othello recovers from his fit Iago tells him to hide himself and listen to what Cassio has to say. Although Othello is at one level quite aggressive with Iago saying â€Å"Dost thou mock me?† and â€Å"Did he confess it?† It is Iago who is in charge of the situation and Othello is reduced to one or two line interruptions. Just before Cassio comes back in Iago makes it clear how he will use the situation to deceive Othello: â€Å"As he shall smile, Othello shall go mad; and his unbookish jealousy must construe poor Cassio’s smiles, gestures, and light behaviours, quite in the wrong.† Iago leads Cassio on just out of Othello’s earshot by clearly getting Cassio to talk about Bianca while Othello thinks he is talking about Desdemona. The deception is completed by Bianca herself comes in and displays the handkerchief that Iago had planted in Cassio’s room. When Cassio and Bianca have gone, Othello comes back and in one speech shows that he can still hardly believe what has happened, â€Å"Ay, let her rot, and perish, and be damned tonight; for she shall not live. No, my heart is turned to stone: I strike it, and it hurts my hand. O, the world hath not a sweeter creature: she might lie by an emperor’s side and command him tasks.† On one level he is convinced of her unfaithfulness but on another he cannot completely let go of the image of the sweet and beautiful women he has married. Gradually Othello overcomes his squeamishness and as he becomes more determined so his language becomes more violent. At one point he says â€Å"I will chop her into messes – cuckold me!† and in his next utterance he becomes very lucid because he knows exactly what might stop him doing what he thinks should be done, â€Å"Get me some poison, Iago – this night. I’ll not expostulate with her, lest her body and beauty un-provide my mind again – this night, Iago.† When Lodovico and Desdemona come in with a letter re-calling Othello and appointing Cassio in his place as governor of Cypress, Othello’s speech and behaviour once again break down. He is reduced again to a series of exclamations: â€Å"Fire and brimstone †¦ Indeed†¦ Devil!† Culminating in him striking his wife. Lodovico is shocked by what he has seen ands heard, and after Othello has dismissed Desdemona with a series of jerky exclamations and departed himself with the outburst â€Å"Goats and Monkeys!† Lodovico expresses concern when he says â€Å"Is this the noble Moor whom our full senate call all in all sufficient? Is this the nature whom passion could not shake?† The next scene opens with Othello questioning Emilia about Desdemona and Cassio. Despite the fact that Emilia protests that there is nothing untoward between them, Iago has poisoned his mind and he dismisses Emilia’s evidence with the lines â€Å"She says enough; yet she’s a simple bawd that cannot say as much. This is a subtle whore, a closet lock and key of villainous secrets; and yet she’ll kneel and pray; I have seen her do’t.† Othello now can only conceive his wife as a â€Å"Whore†. When he is left alone with Desdemona she immediately senses something is wrong â€Å"I understand a fury in your words, but not the words themselves.† The imagery Othello uses in trying to get Desdemona to confess is that of heaven and hell: – â€Å"the devils themselves†¦double damned†¦thou art false as hell.† This imagery borrowed from Iago shows just what an extent Othello’s mind has been taken over. Othello then embarks on a speech, in which he imagines all the awful punishments he might have to endure like the prophet Job. He realises that although he could cope with all that he cannot cope with the loss of Desdemona â€Å"But there, where I have garnered up my heart, where either I must live or bear no life, the foundation from the which my current runs, or else dries up- to be discarded thence!† The consequences of this bring about the imagery of toads when he had previously used in act 3-scene iii. His most striking picture of how his view of Desdemona has changed comes when he asks Desdemona to look at him, he says â€Å"Patience, thou young and rose-lipped cherubin, ay, there, look grim as hell!† Othello uses an image worthy of Iago when he replies to Desdemona â€Å"as summer flies are in the shambles, that quicken even when blowing†. Yet even now he is aware of the power of Desdemona and dismisses the image with the confused exclamation â€Å"O thou weed, who art so lovely and fair and smell so sweet that the senses ache at thee, would thou hadst ne’er been born!† His next speech re-introduces the cosmic imagery from earlier in the play when he describes his shame at the thought of what Desdemona has done â€Å"Heaven stops the nose at it, and the moon winks; the bawdy wink, that kisses all it meets, is hushed within the hollow mine of earth, and will not hear it.† However before he leaves, he virtually accuses Desdemona of being a common prostitute by describing her twice as a â€Å"strumpet† and once as â€Å"that cunning whore of Venice†. He ends his part in the scene by using again an image of heaven and hell borrowed from Iago when he says â€Å"You, mistress that have the office opposite to Saint Peter and keep the gate of hell!† The powerfulness of the images in these lines shows the extent of Othello’s love for Desdemona and his pain at what he imagines has happened. The image of the fountain shows that he regards Desdemona as the source of his love. The final scene opens with Othello going into Desdemona’s bedroom carrying a candle. His opening words â€Å"It is the cause; it is the cause, my soul. Let me not name it to you, you chaste stars! It is the cause.† are almost a means of ‘psyching’ himself up to do the deed. Othello repeatedly uses the word â€Å"cause† in his opening quote. It could mean one of three things: Desdemona’s infidelity may be the reason which propels his actions; he is also thinking that his actions are in a just cause; or he could be using it in a legal sense as the accusation brought against Desdemona in a court. Either way Othello invents himself as the personification of justice, partly because he cannot bear to face up directly to what he thinks Desdemona has done. When he talks to her sleeping figure he imagines her already as a figure on a tomb and starts on an extended metaphor taken probably from the candle he is holding which has at least shown he has regained some of his composure. Although he is determined to gain revenge he is also acutely aware of the finality of what he is about to do â€Å"yet she must die, else she’ll betray more men. Put out the light, and then put out the light †¦ but once put out thy light, thou cunning’st pattern of excelling nature, I know not where is that Promethean heat that can thy light relume.† His use of classical allusions shows that he has recaptured the fluency of earlier scenes but he still cannot bear to confront Desdemona directly. He compares her to a rose on a tree and when he kisses her he brings up again his image of himself as Justice. The confused state of mind is perhaps shown in his words â€Å"I will kill thee and love thee after† When Desdemona wakes up, Othello, while still determined, is gentle with her. However once she starts protesting her innocence his anger returns and he starts calling her a â€Å"strumpet† and not even allowing her to say a last prayer. When Emilia comes in and draws back the curtains as Desdemona dies, she is appalled and summons Iago among others to witness what has happened. As Emilia starts to reveal what has happened Iago becomes more and more agitated and Othello begins to realise that he has been deceived. Iago stabs Emilia and she dies praising her mistress Desdemona â€Å"Moor, she was chaste; she loved thee, cruel Moor†. This is almost a parallel of Desdemona’s last words protesting her continuing love for Othello. The truth is now out and Othello begins the process of trying to present himself in the best possible light. He begins by recalling his strong point- his role as a soldier â€Å"Behold I have a weapon: A better never did itself a sustain upon a soldier’s thigh.† Perhaps unconsciously Othello is also recalling his role as the agent of justice in his use of the image of the sword. As he regains his eloquence he begins to picture both himself and Desdemona as victims of fate. Probably he is trying to avoid admitting that they are both victims of his own stupidity. Yet in the end the growing realisation of what has happened forces him to have to come to terms with two things. Firstly, he recalls his imagery of heaven and hell and uses it to contrast the innocent Desdemona with his own guilt â€Å"when we shall meet at compt, this look of thine will hurl my soul from heaven, and fiends will snatch at it. Cold, cold, my girl! Even like thy chastity.† This leads him on to an eloquent outburst against himself as he realises his role in the tragedy â€Å"O cursà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½d, cursed slave! Whip me ye devils from the possession of this heavenly sight!† As the surviving characters come on stage Othello turns his language of delivery against Iago himself when he says to Cassio â€Å"will you, I pray, demand that demi-devil why he hath thus ensnared my soul and body?† Iago refuses to say anything and Othello embarks on one final, glorious speech full of poetry and memorable images. He pictures himself as someone who has suffered because of his love for Desdemona â€Å"then must you speak of one that loved not wisely but too well† in explaining his murder of Desdemona he likens himself to quotes â€Å"the base Indian† who â€Å"threw a pearl away† He continues his startling use of imagery by picturing himself as grieving for Desdemona in a way that will heal the situation â€Å"of one whose subdued eyes, albeit unused to the melting mood, drop tears as fast as the Arabian trees their medicinable gum.† Finally he recalls his role as a Christian hero slaying the wicked Turk and his final words combine the themes of death and his love for Desdemona â€Å"I kissed thee ere I killed thee: no way but this, killing myself, to die upon a kiss.† In Othello more than any other tragedy Shakespeare uses the hero’s language to parallel his rise and fall. At the beginning when accused of witchcraft by Brabantio, Othello is completely in control of the situation and his language reflects it. As Iago begins to poison his mind and the scene shifts from the battlefield to the bedroom his language breaks down and he is reduced to a series of exclamations of abuse. It is only at the very end when he knows what has to be done that he becomes calm again and his language regains all its beauty and poetry.