Hnrs. Renaissance History Chapter 17 & 18 Study Guide Essay

1. The two most important influences on Enlightenment thought were who? John Locke and Isaac Newton 2. After 1688, ample Britain permitted spectral toleration to which groups? Lutherans, Jews, and Muslims 3. This farming was significantly freer than any other atomic number 63an nation at the beginning of the Enlightenment. What nation is this? wide Britain 4. An expanding, literate public and the suppuration influence of secular printed materials created a new and increasing influential well-disposed force c alled what? public opinion 5. Written by Voltaire in face and novelr translated to French, this take p pass ond the virtues of the English, especially their religious liberty, and implicitly criticized the abuses of French club. What is this books title? Letters on the English 6. Philosophies criticized the Christian per cast of characters for many a(prenominal) things, but not for what? Taking too limited a role in national politics.7. The two major points in the Dei sts gospel were what? The belief in an laterlife dependent upon ones sublunary actions and the existence of a rational God. 8. Which of the followers figures came closest to atheism in their religious thinking? Baron dHolbach 9. According to Ethics, the most known of his works, this man closely identified God and nature, an idea for which his contemporaries condemned him. Who was this? de Spinoza 10. This 18th century philosopher was known as the Jewish Socrates. Who is this man? Mendelssohn 11. dad and other critics saw this as an exceptionally carnal or sexually promiscuous religion because of its teaching that heaven was a place of esthetical delights. What is this religion? Islam 12. The Encyclopedia did what? secularized learning and spread Enlightenment ideas throughout Europe 13. He published On Crimes and Punishments, in which he applied captious analysis to the problem of making punishments both effective and just. Who is this? Marquis Cesare Beccaria 14. offer Smit h advocated what? The ending of Englands mercantile system.15. According to Smith, g all overnment should appropriate what? Schools, armies, navies and roads. 16. According to Smiths four-stage theory, human societies moved from where to where? Barbarism to culture 17. The most important political thought of the Enlightenment occurred in what nation? France 18. He contended that the process of civilization and the Enlightenment had corrupted human nature. Who is he? Rousseau 19. Based on his ideas and traditions, most 18th-century political thinkers regarded human beings as individuals and society as a collection of individuals pursing personal, selfish goals. Who is this? John Locke 20. Most European thinkers associated with the Enlightenment favored what? the extension of European empires across the world 21. herder is famous for his early views concerning what? cultural relativism22. The philosophies generally were not what? avid feminists 23. He maintained that women were no t naturally inferior to men and that women should have a wider role in society. He was also sympathetic in his observations concerning the esteem placed on womens appearance and the prejudice women met as they aged. Who was he? Montesquieu 24. Which of the quest styles of graphics utilizes lavish, often lighthearted decoration with an emphasis on pastel colors and the play of light? Rococo 25. Which of the future(a) styles of art embodies a return to figurative and architectural modes drawn from the Renaissance and the antiquated world? Neoclassicism 26. Neoclassical paintings were didactic rather than emotional and their subject emergence usually concerned what? Public life or public morals. 27. He was a strong crowned headist who in 1759 published a invoice of the Russian Empire under Peter the Great, which declared, Peter was born, and Russia was formed Who verbalize this? Voltaire 28. Monarchs such as Joseph II and Catharine II make enlightened reforms as component of th eir drive to do what? Increase revenues and gain political support.29. This monarch embodies enlightened absolutism more than any other. He/she forged a state that commanded the loyalty of the military, the junker nobility, the Lutheran clergy, and a growing bureaucracy? Frederick the Great 30. Monarchs associated with enlightened absolutism included all of the following rulers Maria Theresa, Joseph II, Frederick the Great, Catherine II 31. Of all the rising states of the 18th century, this state was the most diverse in its people and problems. What is this state? Austria 32. Maria Theresa of Austria did all of the following limited the add together of labor the nobility could demand from peasants established a very good tax system expanded primary education created central councils to hatful with political problems 33. Joseph II of Austria sought to improve the productivity and social conditions of the peasantry 34. Catherine the Great of Russia did what? built a strong alliance with the nobility35. As part of her territorial aspirations, Catherine the Great painlessly annexed what newly independent state in 1783? Crimea 36. King Louis XVI convened the Estates General in order to do what? raise tax revenues 37. The French parlements spoke for the interests of what group? The Aristocracy 38. He was creditworthy for the introduction of the revolutionary land tax that all landowners would have to have a bun in the oven regardless of their social status. Who is he? Charles Alexandre de Calonne 39. The parliament of Paris declared that lone(prenominal) the_______________ could establish new taxes. Estates General 40. The Second Estate of the Estates General was made up of what group? The Nobility 41. By the following way the grandeur attempted to limit the influence of the Third Estate. What is this attempt? They demanded that each dry land have an equal number of representatives 42. The cahiers de doleances presented to the king included all of the followi ng grievances Government waste, corruption, indirect taxes, and the hunting rights of the aristocracy.43. The Tennis Court Oath refers to an ban taken by what party? internal Assembly to give France a constitution 44. Throughout the winter and spring of 1789, the high prices for what commodity produced many riots? Bread 45. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen was proclaimed by what group? the National Constituent Assembly 46. During the Great Fear what happened? Peasants reclaimed rights and property they had woolly-headed to aristocratic resurgence. 47. Which of the following best describes the form of government pursued by the National Constituent Assembly? constitutional monarchy 48. According to the suffrage stipulations of the physical composition of 1791, approximately how many of Frances 25 million citizens were qualified to right to vote? 50,00049. The Chapelier Law did what? forbade workers associations 50. The Roman Catholic Church condemned the _________ ________________. French Revolution 51. The following statement about the Jacobins are not true they were the most ultraconservative political group in the National Constituent Assembly 52. The boundary sans culottes was used in revolutionary France to refer to what? Workers 53. The sans culottes wanted what above all else? Democracy 54. Louis XVI was condemned to death on the charge of what? Conspiring against the liberty of the people. 55. As Prime Minister of England, William Pitt the Younger did what? Suppressed reform AND popular movements 56. The following best summarizes Edmund Burkes view of the French Revolution He believed it was shortsighted and politically ignorant57. By April 1793, the following countries were at state of war with France Spain, Great Britain, Austria, and Prussia 58. Issued in August of 1793, the lvee en masse was a what? military requisition on the entire population 59. By late 1794, the French army was the _______________________ in European histor y. Largest army 60. The core pass judgment of the republic of virtue created by the revolution was what? Public good over private good 61. The following was not part of the ideology embraced by Maximilien de Robespierre? Embrace Christianity 62. Many victims of the Reign of Terror were subject to what humane form of execution? Guillotine63. The Law of 22 Prairial, passed on June 10 of 1794, permitted the _________ __________________________ without strong evidence. conviction of counterrevolutionaries 64. The Thermidorian reaction resulted in all of the following a close in back from the radical revolution a new constitution the law of closure of the Paris Jacobin Club the reduction of the political power of the sans culottes 65. The Bands of Jesus did what? polish off suspected Jacobins 66. The following best summarizes the comparison of freedoms exercised by women before 1789 versus after 1795? Women had more freedom before 1789 67. The French Revolution has often been consid ered a victory of what group? Bourgeoisie 68. The Treaties of Basel in March and June 1795 concluded peaceableness with whom? Spain and Prussia