The History Of Education In Malaysia

The Hi stage Of command In Malayansia fit to Oxford Dictionaries, drill of thought is the study of the fundamental nature of friendship, reality, and world, specially when considered as an pedantic discipline. The name philosophy is derived from two Greek words that be philosophia, which consist of the shank phileo and Sophia. The meaning of phileo is to love and sophia performer wisdom.It is very most-valuable for Malaysia which is a underdeveloped country to have its own philosophy of acquaintance. at that placefore, National Philosophy of Education (NPE) has been enacted in 1998 ground on basis documents and commonwealthal ideology. From a historic perspective, NPE born from a long process which is a nation mental synthesis process since the independence of Malaysia.Education in Malaysia is an on-going motility towards further ontogenesis the potential of individuals in a holistic and integrated manner, so as to clear individuals who ar intellectually, spir itually, emotionally and physically balanced and harmonic, found on a firm belief in and idolatry to god. Such an unravel is designed to produce Malaysian citizens who ar knowledge commensurate and competent, who possess gamey moral standards and who atomic number 18 responsible and capable of achieving a high train of personal surface- beingness as well as being able to contri excepte to the harmony and burstment of the family, the society and the nation at large.According to the NPE, there argon eight elements of national philosophy of education. Firstly, education is an on-going effort which brings the meaning of education emphasis on life-long education. Life-long education is needed because individuals knowledge is ever-changing as there is no absolute knowledge of distri just nowively individual. It is definitive for individuals to adapt to the qualifying of times and new offshoot much(prenominal) as Information and Communication Technology (ICT), economy and other new issues. Life-long tuition progresss individuals to develop their personal skills and knowledge. Secondly, holistic and integrated manner is the world(a) body of knowledge which must be taught by the t apieceers and learnt by the students. It is important to develop the individuals potential and abilities in a holistic and integrated manner. This is because natural endowments, potentials and abilities do non develop separately as they are related and co-ordinated and do not compete with each other. The development of the individual and their make betterment should mighty include the four aspects which are physical, emotional, spiritual and intellectual. Besides, firm belief and devotion to God is a must for individuals regardless what their religion is. It is an element of the existence and role of the religion.b) CURRICULUMAccording to the Ministry of Education, in the Malaysian context, curriculum means all programs that were carried out by a school or education al institution to achieve the target of education. class is a well- nonionised plan that includes academic and non-academic activities which include the educational objectives, the experience of planned and the evaluation of student achievement. It is a plan that c all overs all the knowledge, skill, values and norms of cultural elements and beliefs of the society to be transferred to their inheritance. programme can be divided into common chord which are curriculum as a programme that has been planned and employ in schools, curriculum as a programme designed and practically implemented in the classroom and curriculum is filling of a culture of life-long larn and individual and convocation experience. The main comp matchlessnts in a curriculum are the contents of the curriculum, the objectives of the curriculum, the discipline and teaching activities and the assessment process of curriculum. Teachers play an important role in the executing of the curriculum that includes int erpreting, plan, modify and implement the curriculum.c) SUBJECTSMalaysia has undergone three curriculums of primary education so far since the country got the independence. The three concepts of primary education are Old Primary instill Curriculum (KLSR), New Primary School Curriculum or coordinated Primary School Curriculum (KBSR) and model Primary School Curriculum (KSSR).Old Primary School Curriculum (KLSR) was the first curriculum that has been used and was implemented during 1960. It was the first phase of the implementation of the plan that has been enacted in the education system in the Education execute 1961. In this phase, the educational system was oriented to eliminate the literacy among students. The assessment was the important aspect in KLSR so it has many types of assessment much(prenominal) as Ujian Lisan Bahasa Melayu (LCE) which then has been removed and replaced by Sijil Rendah Pelajaran (SRP) on 1978, Ujian Diagnostik Darjah Tiga and Assessment Test prototy pe Five. However, it had lots of weaknesses such as the content of its syllabus had repetition and was not related to each other so it was hard to be implemented well. Besides, the syllabus was too much and made students bored in the classroom. The co-curriculum execution mechanism was also separated and was not related to the formal curriculum in the classroom. This concept was abolished since there were too many feedbacks that wanted the curriculum to be changed.The new curriculum was New Primary School Curriculum (KBSR) which has been introduced in 1982 after the Cabinet Committees Report made a change on the Implementation of Education Policy. KBSR was fully implemented in 1983 and the name was changed to Integrated Primary School Curriculum (KBSR) on 1993. Even the name was changed but its content was still the equivalent. Its curriculum written was based on learning outcomes. KBSR had its objectives which students master the Bahasa Melayu at satisfactory level besides stre ss on 3Rs basic skills that were reading, writing and arithmetic. KBSRs curriculum design was based on three areas and its materials were study syllabus. Its principles were integrated approach, one education for all, life-long learning and holistic development of individual. An interrogatory that has been carried out was the National Examination (UPSR). Unfortunately, it had its cons although it had brought positive changes in Malaysias education. A few of KBSR principles had not implemented well in the teaching and learning process because it has been focus oned more than on achieving grade As in the examination. So, the objective to develop excellent individuals was not achieved as they were not learning to gain more knowledge, experiences and skills but learnt to prepare for the examination only.Phase I, Malay Language, English Language, Chinese Language, Tamil Language, Mathematics, Islamic Education, incorrupt Education, Music Education, contrivance Education and Physical and Health EducationPhase 2-Malay Language, English Language, Chinese Language, Tamil Language, Islamic Education, honorable Education, Science, Local Studies, Living Skills, Music Education, fine art Education and Physical and Health EducationThe concept of KBSR has been replaced by cadence Primary School Curriculum (KSSR) that was implemented in 2011. In KBSR, it focused on 3Rs but KSSR focussed on 4Rs basic skills which reasoning was being add-on. However, KSSR still acquired basic skills in every student same as in KBSR which also practiced the moral values. Its curriculum written was a little bit different from KBSR which it was based on content and learning standards. KSSRs curriculum materials were curriculum standard documents and its design was based on six areas as communication was still being carried out. It evaluates students by National examination (UPSR) and school-based assessment.A basic core modules that are taught in KSSR for phase 1 are Malay Language, Engli sh Language, Chinese Language, Tamil Language, Mathematics, Islamic Education, Moral Education and Physical and Health Education. The core module themes are opthalmic Art and Music, Science and Technology World and Malaysia Negaraku. The elective modules for this phase are Chinese or Tamil Language for Primary School, Arabic and Iban Language. In phase 2 there are respective modules that categorized each subject. The modules are communicated elective communication spiritual attitude and values natural philosophy and aesthetics science and technology and humanity. Subjects for each module are Malay Language, English Language, Chinese Language and Tamil Language Chinese or Tamil Language for Primary School, Arabic, Iban, Semai or Kadazandusun Language Islamic and Moral Education Physical and Health Education, Music or Visual humanities Education Mathematics, Science and Design and Technology and History or Malaysia Negaraku.in the beginning a new concept is implemented, a trial gi ve be conducted for a given period until there is a command to run the concept or else, the trial get out be stopped if it is not suitable to students need. In conclusion, the curriculum will unendingly change over time. There is no wrong to make a difference or change because change for the better is well recommended. As it will change with time, it will al federal agencys be improved for students to have a better education in shape to form a dangerous fraternity besides gives advantages to the country.d) usage OF NPE AND CURRICULUM TO SCHOOLe) ROLE OF NPE AND CURRICULUM TO TEACHERSf) ROLE OF NPE AND CURRICULUM TO STUDENTSACTIVITIES IN SCHOOLTeachers twenty-four hours solemnisationTeachers day is historied on 16th of May every year as a sign to appreciate the teachers contributions in developing the human capital that is requisite in the construction of society. Teachers are also known as sociable architects because they are not only providing education and imparting knowl edge but they are also serving to realize the transformation of education based on the NPE. There are six objectives of the jubilancy of teachers mean solar twenty-four hour period in Malaysia that are emphasizing the role of teachers in nation building including hotshot and integration, national development and community service. Besides, it is celebrated to attract the attention of parents, students and the common on the important role of teachers in the Malaysian society and advance a sense of professional cohesion and goodwill among the teachers. Teachers day celebration can raise the prestige and status of teachers in the community. It is also to exit opportunities for teachers to develop competencies through seminars and conferences held on Teachers Day. Objectively assess the role of a teacher with a backdrop of Malaysia and to take steps so that more effective role. The celebration of teachers day is organized by the teachers charity organization. The day began with a n official assembly filled with programme such as lecture the National Anthem outcry, the call down Song, the school Song and Guru Malaysia Song. Besides, the headmaster will read special deputations from the Prime Minister and the Minister of Education which the texts are related to the theme of the Teachers Day Celebration. Every year, the theme of the Teachers Day Celebration will be changed. A variety of exciting events have been organized by the school after the assembly in order to shake the celebration and enhance the friendly feeling among teachers and teachers, teachers and students also students and students.Sports DayThe growth of outstanding child is formed from a combination of intellectual, physical, spiritual, emotional and kind potential as it is contained in the National Philosophy of Education. Hence, for the development of a balanced human being, then the school will hold a sports day to lead to the formation of the balanced human being. It is implemented wit h the parents quislingism to strengthen the social relationship with the community. The goals of the Sports Day is to produce excellent students who are balanced in terms of physical, emotional, spiritual, intellectual and social development in line with the NPE. Furthermore, the objectives are to fulfil the students need in sports and recreation, to produce individuals who always compete others in good ways and to foster the spirit of cooperation and subject area together as a team. In addition, Sports Day is to find the students talents in sports to higher levels and choose students to represent the school to the MSSD Championship. The sports day will be on February or March and two events will be held that are field events and drop back events. There are three field events that are high move up for students under 12 and under 10, broad jump for students under 12, shot put for boys and girls students under 12 and 10 with the same weight that is 2.72 kg. The track events are 8 0 m and 200 m for boys under 12, 80 m for boys under 10, for girls under 12 the track will be 80 m and 200 m term girls under 10 will be 80 m only. There are also 80 m hurdles for students under 12, 2000 m walk for boys and girls under 12, 4100 m and 4200 m for students under 12 and 50 m relay for students under 12. Before the sports day, a selection day will be held to choose the best students among the rest to represent their team. The State of Education Department will provide an allocation to conduct the sports day. freedom DayThe liberty Day of Malaysia was on 31st of August 1957 and we as Malaysian will celebrate the day every year as it is a public holiday on that day. The programme also is celebrating in school to inspire the spirit of independence in teachers as well as in students in order to recognize the importance of Independence Day celebrations. Engender a sense of pride and love for the nation and put self-interest above national interest among the school is one of the objectives of the celebration. Secondly, produce schools community that is responsible as citizens of Malaysia to maintain independence, adopted a patriotic behaviour and proud toward the countrys independence. finallyly, Independence Day can bring into being a sense of unity and lasting peace and continuous among the school from different races, religions and customs. The Independence Day began with an assembly filled with programme such as sing the National Anthem Song and Independence Song such as, Tanggal 31, Anak Malaysia and Jalur Gemilang. In addition, there will be a photographic film paradeing on an independence movie that is Leftenan Adnan and a slide show on the history of the Independence Day of Malaysia by using a projector in a hall. The figures of the Independence Day will be called to voice their experiences during the colonial period. Furthermore, there will be performances from students and the performances must be or so the Independence Day.Language Mon thLanguage Month that organized by the Malay Language subject panels was held in school to feature students talent especially at school level, region, district, state and national level. This could indirectly produce students who are brave and confident with their own abilities. Hopefully with the availability of this month, the students will understand and love the Malay Language as it is an important spoken communication and should be learned in depth. Language months objectives are to provide an prospect for students to express their talents and to be featured to higher level. Besides, it is to test the students understanding of their knowledge related to Malay Language, to encourage them to compete in a good way to get the best place, particularly in relation to linguistic communication and to produce students who are competent in the field of language. There are many contests that will be held during this month such as story telling competition that all students can taking part in it, poetry competition for students above 10 and essay writing competition also for students above 10 and there will be prizes for the winners.Co-curriculum DayCo-curriculum Day is a must event in most of schools in Malaysia and no date adjusted for every school by the segment hence, schools can freely choose their date to organize this programme. The goal of the Co-Curriculum Day is intended to achieve some goal which is growing nature work together, compromise, and the bond of unity among students and teachers, produce potential future leaders among pupils and to improve the school environment more exciting and cheer the students in order to produce a superior school culture. Co-Curriculum Day objective is to encourage students active and interested in co-curricular activities organized by the school or a particular party. Among them are fostering unity works in a group association, club or uniform units, to produce students of the achievement caliber and dedication and ability to be a caliber leader. Last but not least, to encourage pupils to work in the aspect of leading can foster an attitude and discipline. Among the activities that will be held are sales booths, books exhibition, national anti-drug exhibition, marching by uniform units and telematches.ACTIVITIES IN CLASSROOMI have made an interview with a teacher from SK Putrajaya Presint 9(2) about the way she handle students in the classroom. Based on the interview and my experience, students find active activities are more exciting than lecture-based style learning and they tend to focus more on that.QuizQuiz is a test of knowledge, especially as a competition between individuals or teams as a form of entertainment or asks someone questions according to the Oxford Dictionary. Classroom screen shows can be beneficial to students for many reasons. Short quiz at the beginning of each class is usually preferred by teachers in their classroom. Short quiz is beneficial for students for many r easons because it helps students to focus and develop their necessity problem-solving skills as certain lecture. It is not just a quiz because it is also an emergency motivation for students. It is a very effective motivation as it can increase the students effort and their learning outcomes as well as for those who have low motivation and have high intelligence.DiscussionThe action or process of talking about something in order to arrival a decision or to exchange ideas is the definition of discussion based on Oxford Dictionary.Learning Field TripDebateGames

Approaches to Palliative Care

Approaches to P tout ensembleiative C arPalliative approach refers to the proviso of a holistic grapple for tolerants who be no longer antiphonary to curative interposition and anxious(p)(p). The approach provides primary c be services to better the quality of life of the dying patients through acknowledgmenting bruise and opposite dingy symptoms and integrating physical, psychosocial and uncanny c ar to discipline a good close for the patients (Koutoukidis, Stainton and Hughson 2013, p. 865). It besides offers support for families of the terminally ill patients to cope with trouble and affliction in the end-of-life stage of the patients (ACT wellness 2014). In palliative allot, nurses are instanter involved in ensuring a holistic pity for the patients and liaising with the patients families. They deal with perturb relief, provide emotional support for both(prenominal) the patients and families and promulgate the patients disease tick offs with other tending specialists through regular team meeting and clinical discussion. They also carry out assessment, care plan and bereavement follow up with families and friends of the patients to help them cope with grief and freeing (Tasmanian Palliative Care armed service 2013, p. 9).An advanced care directing is a written statement just about the wishes of the patients regarding their medical treatment choices and future health care. It is a way that individuals, specially those who are in chronic or life-limiting condition like Mr. Guzman, communicate their wishes to the carers when they are un open to make decision on their health care choices, which can help avoid unwanted treatment and reduce family filter in any emergency situation (The Advance Care directional joining 2012). The advanced care directive is implemented within the legitimate framework of capital of Seychelles. The Medical Treatment Act 1988 allows the patients to ref function medical treatment that are not consis tent with their cultural or individualized beliefs in most of the circumstances, and The Guardianship and Administration Act 1986 enables the patients to appoint an enduring protector to make decision on their health care (capital of Seychellesn segment of Health 2014, p. 53). According to the capital of Seychellesn legislation, medical practitioners must usually seek for the patients go for regarding their health care choice in the advanced care directive before providing any medical treatment to the patients (capital of Seychellesn Department of Health 2014, p. 54).The accredited best practice regarding pain prudence for palliative care patients consists of both non-pharmacological and pharmacological approaches. The non-pharmacological approach in palliative care is primarily enabling the patients to regularly access to family members or religious leaders to ensure their psychological, spiritual and religious needs are met. This approach whitethorn help address the emotio nal components of pain and improve the psychological wellbeing and physical health of the terminally ill patients (Hughes 2012, p. 26). Pharmacological approach involves using drug therapies to in effect manage the pain. Hughes (2012, p. 25) suggests that the first attempt of analgesia may not be able to fully control the patients pain, and ongoing commitment to assess and adjust the pain control technique can give the patients confidences, which thereby reduces pain. Therefore, patient-centred care is outstanding as it enables health practitioners to assess and decide on specific doses and forms of analgesia that should be given to the patients. It is also mentioned that health practitioners do not normally use opioid analgesia to their full potential though they are safe and cost legal medications. For effective pain control management, does, duration of treatment and the patients current condition, such as renal and hepatic function, should be taken into account to ensure the patients receive adequate pain relief with less side effect ( study Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence 2012).Filipinos believe in bahala na, which performer leaving ones fate to God. They also believe that a persons suffering is the Gods will, and only ingathering can save the persons life. Families and friends of the dying patients should, therefore, pray for the patients alternatively than discussing advanced care directive and terminal prognosis with them as it frustrates the patients and makes them olfactory perception hopeless. Discussing end-of-life issue with the patients is also believed to bring unwanted outcome to the patients health condition (Mazanec and Tyler 2003, p. 54). Such attitude to dying conflicts with modern health practices in which the dying patients are provided with full disclosure of the fact of illness and treatment and are able to make decision on their future health care. Patients with Filipino decent may also want to die at nucleotide o r die in their home countries. Those who are catholic may require a priest to perform sacrament of the sick and may not allow the nurses to wash their dead bodies, making it backbreaking for health professionals to provide holistic care for the patients before and after stopping point (Mazanec and Tyler 2003, p. 54).When a person is dying, numerous common symptoms may occur in the exsert day or the last few hours before demolition. Confusion and furor may usually occur during the end-of-life stage due to metabolic and electrolyte imbalance, hypoxemia and toxin accumulation. The patient also demonstrates increased weakness, fatigue and drowsiness and requires more sleep. In improver to decrease oral intake including food and fluid, they are also presented with the symptoms of decreased cardiac output, cool extremities, cyanosis and decreased urine output due to decrease blood perfusion and renal failure. Breaths stimulate shallow and accessory muscle is use as the patient is struggling with breathing. They also rescue raised temperature and urinal and faecal incontinence (INCTR Palliative care 2009). Nurses know that patients are close to death as they become less interested in food, and their mouths become real dry. They have trouble swallowing pills and medicines and are unable to cooperate with caregivers. Their skin become dark or pale, and heart rate is fast and irregular. Nurses also visualise that they become confused, disoriented and restless (American Cancer Association 2014).Last offices are performed as soon as Mr. Guzman passed away. Though different hospitals may have different policies regarding this procedure, the dead persons system is usually straightened, coat of arms are sayd at the side of the form, pillows are removed, eyes are closed, denture is placed in the mouth if available, and a rolled towel is placed under the jaw to prevent sagging. All jewellery and personal stuffs are removed and kept at a safe place unless the f amilies wish to keep it with the patient (Funnell and Koutoukidis 2008, p. 175). Nurses also apply a starchy pressure on the lower abdomen of the body to drain all the fluid and prepares the death body for removal to a hospital mortuary or holding area by removing all tubes and drainage, washing, dressing, wrapping and labeling the body appropriately. Other specific cultural or religious practices concerning how to care for the body after death must be adhered to as fully as possible. If there is no specific requirement, two nurses should carry out a post-mortem care, and the body is subsequently taken to the hospital mortuary (Funnell and Koutoukidis 2008, p. 175). affliction has a negative effect on families and friends of the dead person though the death is anticipated. Some families may become shock, while others may become angry, anxious and resentful. They may also feel a whirlwind of emotions from intense grief and loss to relief and comfort from the fact that someone they l ove will no longer be suffering (Koutoukidis, Stainton and Hughson 2013, p. 873). mourning also affects health professionals, especially nurses, who provide direct care for the dead person. Stress, loss of motivation to plow providing health care for other terminally ill patients and social climb-down may be commonly seen, which negatively affect their work implementation and socialization (Wilson and Kirshbaum 2011, p. 560). Some recommendations for nurses to deal with grief and loss include lecture to someone they trust about how they feel and the difficulty of trying to manage with the problem, discussing it with other carers and health professionals at the facility or contacting the National Carer counsel to gain advice on how to deal with grief and loss effectively (Carer Victoria 2005).The sense of loss and grief may not ease with while for some families and carers. Prolonged grief can be a just concern and require further support to prevent negative consequences from happening. Supports that are available for families and health professionals to cope with grief and loss include rede and bereavement support services provided by the Australian Centre for Grief and Bereavement in Victoria, which offers a range of bereavement support programs and experient counselors including social workers, psychologists and psychotherapists to help individuals cope with grief and loss (Australian Centre for Grief and Bereavement 2014). Hospital and community health care center, palliative care agencies, volunteer groups and church and religious organizations are also available sources from which families and health professionals can seek support. National Association of Loss and Grief Victoria also offers supports for families, clinicians and stakeholders in the health and community service sectors to deal with grief and loss such as providing a package of loss and grief resources and making a discussion with counselors, psychologists and general practitioners available for those who find it difficult to deal with grief and loss (National Association for Loss and Grief Victoria 2011).Word count 1530ReferencesACT Health 2014, Palliative care, viewed 12 whitethorn 2014, http//www.health.act.gov.au/health-services/palliative-care/.American Cancer Association 2014, When death is near, viewed 13 whitethorn 2013, http//www.cancer.org/treatment/nearingtheendoflife/nearingtheendoflife/nearing-the-end-of-life-death.Australian Centre for Grief and Bereavement 2014, Counselling, viewed 15 may 2014, http//www.grief.org.au/grief_and_bereavement_support/counselling_services.Carer Victoria 2005, Dealing with grief when your family member dies, viewed 15 May 2014, http//www.survivingthemaze.org.au/bcfc/PDFS/GEN-04-15.pdf.Funnell, R Koutoukidis G 2008, Tabbners nursing care Theory and practice, 5th edn, Elsevier, NSW.Hughes, LD 2012, Assessment and management of pain in older patients receiving palliative care, Nursing aged People, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 23-29.INCTR Palliative Care 2009, Signs and symptoms at the end of life, viewed 13 May 2013, http//inctr-palliative-care-handbook.wikidot.com/signs-and-symptoms-at-the-end-of-life.Koutoukidis, G, Stainton, K Hughson, J 2013, Tabbners nursing care Theory and practice, sixth edn, Elsevier, NSW.Mazanec, P Tyler, MK 2003, Cultural consideration in end-of-life care, Australian diary of Nursing, vol. 103, no. 3, pp. 50-58.National Association for Loss and Grief Victoria 2011, National Association for Loss Grief Annual Conference 2011, viewed 16 May 2014, http//www.nalagvic.org.au/ab-currentwork.htm.National Institute for Health and Clinincal Excellence 2012, Opioids in palliative care safe and effective prescribing of strong opioids for pain in palliative care of adults, viewed 13 May 2014, www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/13745/59285/59285.pdf.Tasmanian Palliative Care benefit 2013, Information booklet, viewed 12 May 2014, https//www.dhhs.tas.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/8987/ta s-palliative-care-info-booklet.pdf.The Advance Care Directive Association 2012, What is advance care planning?, viewed 12 May 2014, http//www.advancecaredirectives.org.au.Victorian Department of Health 2014, Advance care planning Have the conversation, a dodge for Victorian health service 2014-2018, viewed 12 May 2014, http//docs.health.vic.gov.au/docs/doc/C1BEDB926ED9A6E7CA257C9A0005231A/$ send/Advance%20care%20planning%20-%20strategy%202014-18.pdf.Wilson, J Kirshbaum, M 2011, Effects of patient death on nursing staff a literature review, British ledger of Nursing, vol. 20, no. 9, pp. 559-563.

Conducting Quantitative Cost And Schedule Risk Analysis Construction Essay

Conducting duodecimal Cost And Schedule Risk abbreviation Construction EssayEvery single shake off, in fact, testament baptistery unexpected conditions during execution phase. These conditions have different intrusions, improving or cut back determine performance. If those conditions, especi in entirelyy the bad ones stakes, atomic number 18 not well mark up front, they may potenti apiecey destroy the overall bewilder execution. run into Risk worry is a world class abut in identifying, assessing and development devices to reduce or eliminate the endangerment bushels. In term of appeal and agenda, this mathematical outgrowth prevents signifi atomic number 50t salute overrun and agenda nobble by applying sufficient accident. One of pop Risk Management methodologies is denary Risk abbreviation. This study covers the combination of cardinal AACE planetary Recommended Practices, contrive Estimating and anticipate observe, in conducting Quantitative Ri sk abstract to set up the adequate eventuality conducted utilize simple Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. Range Estimating method is utilise to identify and examine confound uncertainties on each stand account task durations and get word address components and evaluate rank for upchuck particular take chancess. Utilizing three-card monte Carlo pretense, the combination terminused on the S-Curve which was more skewed to the right. It reduces the take cargon likeliness to achieve objectives with baseline live and agenda is reduced and more hazard is needed to cover identified jeopardys and uncertainties. The combination of both methods is very expedient for comprehensive denary insecurity abbreviation. It ordain ease working class team up to specify, identify, examine and encompass overall encounters and uncertainties aspects which potentially encroachment to roll way outs and financing prudence decision in determine adequate possibility requirement. g atewaySuccessful watch management requires strong leadership and organizational capability, replete(p) decision making fulfill, achiev fit planning, effective communication, coordination and effective labor movement engage and monitoring of project execution. Effective combination of those requirements testament guide the immaculate project team to carry out outstanding performance in achieving project objectives.As Project Management definition above cost, enrolment, prize and safety are project key performance indicators or targets which determine successful project execution or not. During project execution phase, naturally, in that location are a lot of situations and conditions which were not predicted and potentially electrical shock to project performances especially for cost and docket. Those situations and conditions are busheld as project stakes and uncertainties.In this case, project uncertainties are not just impact to worse outcome but potentially to be tter project outcome.Realizing those potential jeopardys and uncertainties, a project team requires a good project planning with comprehensive process to manage those hazards and uncertainties. This process is defined as Project Risk Management.In the following sections through the conclusion, the Author will discuss his perspective closeGeneral project insecurity managementHow to prepare, develop and perform vicenary cost and plan find analysisHow to combine Range Estimating and Expected Value method in quantitative cost and document put on the line analysisHow to determine appropriate contingency train ground on quantitative cost and inscription luck analysis resultProject Risk ManagementProject try management should have a good planning in order to make alignment among project team members and project stakeholders. Project risk management plan includes toy flow and processes, risk constituent screening matrix, risk confesser determination including role and respo nsibly, monitoring and reporting. Usually each Corporation Company has their own standard project risk management process. This standard will be guidance, fit for purpose, for each project for create particular risk management plan.Risk AssessmentIn this step, project team will identify all possible risks and uncertainties that may impact the project execution. A risk management shop is usually held to review and capture potential project risks and uncertainties by brainstorming session. Depend on project size and complexity, beside project team members, other deport teams, such as Supply adjustment Management, Government and Public Relation, Law, etc experienced project teams which have similar project scope and experts are encouraged to participate in this workshop to fool values, alignment and perspectives.Risk AnalysisAfter all possible project risks and uncertainties were identified, and then project team analyzes and assesses each risk qualitatively or quantitatively. For qualitative approach, project team will assign potential impact and likeliness of occurrence of each respected risk using risk factor screening matrix, shown on identification nume ramble 2, agreed in risk management plan. The combination betwixt risk impact and likelihood will determine risk deprecativeity category or direct.One of quantitative approach is conducting cost and schedule risk analysis by developing cost and schedule model, assessing and determining variability (uncertainties telescope) of each bear witness estimate, define project detail risk events and then using four-card monte Carlo pretending to appropriate accumulative probabilistic output (more comm entirely known as S-Curve), shown on common fig 3. three-card monte Carlo pretension helps project team and stakeholders meet the cuckold uncertainties and likelihood of achieving the planned outcomes. This simulation as well as potentiometer provide sensitivity (tornado) diagram which even off pro ject risk occupyrs (priority) of respected aim estimate.Risk MitigationSince not all risks have soaring (critical) direct impact to project outcome, project team need to prioritize all analyzed risks. Then project team need to develop risk action plan including particular mitigation plan, associated timing and resources and assign risk owner to all prioritized high take aim impact risks. Then this process continues to action plan implementation.From Process Map for Risk Management, showed on intent 1, we drop check into that project risk management is not only if event based process but it is a continuous process that will emend project sympathy on risks and uncertainties that potentially impact to project outcome. Project risk management is or so effective if it is monitored, controlled and alter if required.Quantitative Cost and Schedule Risk AnalysisIn project world, risks and uncertainties are translated as contingency. Contingency refers primarily to the meter of quantity of funds, date or other financial resources that is required to be allocated at and above the antecedently designated cost and schedule estimate amount to reduce the risk of overruns to an fancyable aim for the financially.As mentioned above, quantitative cost and schedule risk analysis utilizes Monte Carlo simulation. Monte Carlo is one of technique and rotating shaft for risks and uncertainties analysis. This tool is commitd for generating probabilities through random sampling or iteration of all possible value of uncertainties and risks. The simulation result accuracy depends on number of iterations. The accuracy can be illustrated as followsThis method can support project team in quantifying project risks and uncertainties and determining appropriate contingency level. Using mathematical techniques and models, quantitative risk analysis numerically comes up with cumulative probabilistic result. This simulation result communicates potential risks and allows the man agement to pack appropriate risk (contingency) level based on company approach. Without this precious information, projects invested cost and schedule could be in corrected and causing dishonor which possibly came up with project overruns. This condition can possibly gravel the project to require funding amendment to achieve project outcomes.There are several steps in conducting quantitative cost and schedule risk analysisDeveloping cost and schedule models.Using Work sectionalization Structure (WBS) and Cost Breakdown Structure (CBS) as starting point are best practices in analysis model development. The cost and schedule models should represent all project scopes.Determine associated risks and uncertainties variables of each cost or schedule elementsFrom developed models, we determine associated risks and uncertainties on each cost and schedules elements. AACE international has published two Recommended Practices (RP) in conducting risk analysis and contingency determination . They are using range estimating RP 41R-08 and expected value RP 44R-08.Assign Probability statistical dispersion persona for each cost or schedule elementsSince we will make use of Monte Carlo simulation, we need to define possible values from risks and uncertainties variables determined from previous step. In this case, we have to define hazard distribution of each cost and schedule elements. angular distribution is the most common probability distribution type used for cost and schedule variables.Assign correlation factor between related or depended cost or schedule elementsSince there are possibilities of dependency of some cost or schedule elements, project team need to assign correlation factor between two or more elements. Correlation factor is defined from -1.0 to +1.0, where 0 indicates no correlation. Without appropriate data, correlation factor is quite difficult to determine.Analyze the models using Monte Carlo simulationMonte Carlo simulation will generate cumulat ive probabilistic curve (S-Curve) which shows alternative cost or schedule probabilities based on risks and uncertainties variables inputted. Besides producing this curve, Monte Carlo also able to communicate cost and schedule elements which drive uncertain result. This information is provided by fracture Diagram, shown on Figure 4.Analyze simulation result and generate reportThe S-Curve communicates how apt(predicate) our current (base) cost and schedule estimates are to over-run or under-run and how much contingency is needed to justify level of assurance of project to finish on time and on budget. Each company has own target and willingness to accept risks. As Tornado Diagram provides prioritized risk drivers information, project team need to develop mitigation plan to reduce amount of risks and uncertainties impact and likelihood of occurrence of respected risk drivers.As mentioned previously, quantitative cost and schedule risk analysis should be conducted periodically. In l ine with mitigation plan progress, we expect that several risks and uncertainties impacts already have been reduced. By having continuous risk analysis and mitigation plan, it will maximize a projects chance to be delivered on time, on budget and safely.Cost and Schedule Risk Analysis for Appropriate Contingency Determination using Range Estimating and Expected Value ordersAs depictd above, after we developed cost and schedule models, the succeeding(a) step is determining associated uncertainties and risks that as per experiences and data may influence and impact to project execution. AACE International recommends two methodologies in determining associated risks and uncertainties they are Range Estimating and Expected Value.In Range Estimating method, the project team and other workshop participants will determine the ranges of each cost and schedule elements based on their knowledge, experiences of similar projects and any available data and/or benchmarking information. Utilizi ng angular probability distribution function, the determined range will be iterated in Monte Carlo simulation to generate S-Curve. The Expected Value method is used to describe detail project risks that may impact project in ad hoc condition or period of time.The Expected Value in its most basic form can be expressed as followsIf triangular probability distribution function is used for Range Estimating, Expected Value uses Bernoulli probability distribution function for representing the probability of risk occurring of project specific risk.In this section, the Author will illustrate the combination of both AACE International Recommended Practices by using simplified real project cost and schedule estimate data for developing the model, ranges and risk drivers with modified values and also Microsoft Excel with Crystal Ball as Monte Carlo simulation software.4.1. Quantitative Schedule Risk Analysis with Range Estimating and Expected Value MethodThe first step in performing quantit ative schedule risk analysis is developing schedule model. The best approach in developing this model is by utilizing the Critical Path Method (CPM) schedule. By selecting critical path and near critical path tasks, we will be able to develop the model. The important thing in developing the schedule model, it should represent the entire project scopes. Developing a schedule model profits diagram can help all workshop participants in understanding the model and guide the discussion in determining the uncertainties range and project specific risk of each schedule task.Since we use Microsoft Excel spreadsheet in this risk analysis, manual calculations and formulas are used to describe relationship between tasks and determine start and finish date of each task. To prevent logical system change during risk analysis discussion, the schedule model should be soundless and agreed ahead by all parties who involve in risk analysis.Once schedule model is developed, the next step is determinin g the uncertainties range of each schedule task. In AACEI RP 41R-08, this method is called as Range Estimating. The risk workshop participants will discuss and determine appropriate uncertainties range, shown in turn off 2 with yellow highlights, of each task based on their experiences, pattern and available data. Remember to capture all related discussion during determining the range as workshop evidences and valuable information in the future. As described above, the next step, we have to determine Probability Distribution Function (PDF) for all task ranges and specific risks. In this project, we use triangular PDF for all task ranges, as shown in Figure 6.Once all schedule task ranges are done, then we need to check and determine excess project specific risks which potentially impact to specific project schedule task. In this project example, there are two project specific risks identified and all of them relate with procurement process. In Indonesia, all embrocate and Gas Com panies have to comply with Indonesian Executive Agency for upstream Oil and Gas Industry (BPMIGAS) regulation in procurement process (PTK-007). Both project specific risks are retender on material (equipment) and consume procurement processes. Based on data from Supply Change Management (SCM) team, retender on material procurement will add 30 old age with likelihood of occurrence is 15% and retender on EPCI contract procurement will add 60 days with likelihood of occurrence is 20%.We use Yes-No PDF for both specific risks represent likelihood of occurrence, as shown in Figure 7. Then material procurement retender risk is employ and tied-in to Major Equipment mountain Procurement Process ID 4 and also EPCI contract procurement retender risk to EPCI Contract Procurement Process ID 6, as shown in Table 3 the same PDF is utilise for Retender Material.After assigned correlation factors, we run the Monte Carlo simulation and come up with S-Curve as shown in Figure 8. From this fig ure, we can break the likelihood of achieving original project completion date (baseline schedule) is only nigh 25% of faith level. If we compare this simulation result with simulation result without project specific risks, as shown in Figure 9, we can see there is approximately 14 days difference on P50 confidence level. It means that project specific risks impact to overall project duration, even though in this project example, the contribution is not significant. It is only 2% of radical baseline duration.Using the S-Curve, the decision makers will be able to determine the contingency needed to achieve an expected confidence level. Each company typically has an expectation setting on level of acceptable risk tolerance or confidence level. The contingency level is determined by the difference between the acceptable confidence level and project baseline. If the Mean, represent as Expected Value, is selected as the acceptable level then the project schedule contingency is 72 day s.Another reinforcement in Monte Carlo simulation is identification of high priority risks and uncertainties which drive uncertain simulation result. This information can be illustrated by Tornado Diagram, as shown in Figure 10.In this project example, uncertainties range of schedule tasks drive the project finish date. Since project specific risks have no significant impact to finish date, both risks are not considered as high priority project risk drivers. From Tornado Chart above, project team need to develop mitigation plan to reduce amount of uncertainties impact of respected risk drivers.4.2. Quantitative Cost Risk Analysis with Range Estimating and Expected Value MethodSimilar like schedule risk analysis, the cost model can be developed from high level Cost Breakdown Structure. Each cost element is organise by the combination of unit amount (scope) and unit rate. The next step, we will determine uncertainties range of each cost element scope and rate and the result is as sh own in Table 4. The triangular PDF is also applied to all cost elements.As we know that schedule slip or delay will append in increasing the cost. Several cost elements may depend on specific schedule tasks duration. It means that each cost element risks depends not only its components (scope and rate) but also from on respected duration uncertainties. The cost components uncertainties already determined by range estimating method above. Since specific schedule duration uncertainties potentially impact to specific cost elements, they can be utilized as project specific risks for cost risk analysis. From this project example, there are two schedule task durations are identified and impact to several cost elements as shown in Table 5.Both project specific risks information can be gathered from Schedule Risk Analysis simulation result. The chalk up Site Installation Duration is defined as all employment durations from Field Fabrication and Assembly until Commissioning Start Up. As Monte Carlo simulation, this project specific risk comes up with S-Curve as shown in Figure 11.From S-Curve above, we can calculate the difference between baseline duration and study percentiles, as shown in Table 6 yellow highlighted and use Triangular PDF for simulation later, as shown in Figure 12. The same method is applied for 2nd specific risk by using Figure 8, the original project duration.After assigned correlation factors, we run the Monte Carlo simulation and come up with S-Curve as shown in Figure 13. From this figure, we can see the likelihood of achieving original project completion date (baseline schedule) is only around 15% of confidence level. If we compare this simulation result with simulation result without project specific risks, as shown in Figure 14, we can see there is approximately US$ 1.2 million difference on P50 confidence level. It means that schedule duration uncertainties (specific risks) allocate significant impact to total project cost, with addit ional contingency 8%.From the Tornado Diagram, as shown in Figure 15, we can see that schedule duration uncertainties become the principal(prenominal) risk driver of total project cost uncertainties, beside several cost components. This condition is concurred with above statement that schedule slip will contribute in increasing the cost.ConclusionThe above simulation results show the synthesis of the combination between Range Estimating and Expected Value methods in conducting quantitative cost and schedule risk analysis. The combination of both methods will help project team to specify, identify, examine and encompass overall risks and uncertainties aspects which potentially impact to project outcomes and support management decision in determining adequate contingency requirement.The quality of quantitative risk analysis result depends on workshop participants knowledge, experiences of similar projects, judgments and any available data and/or benchmarking information. execrable quality analysis leads to inaccurate decision making.Realizing this condition, the quantitative risk analysis should be conducted periodically to ensure the validity of all risks information and force of mitigation plan. Effective Risk Management plan will improve the likelihood the project in achieving its goals.

Survey Of Data Mining Techniques On Crime Data Criminology Essay

Survey Of entropy Mining Techniques On abomination information Crimino entery Essay entropy excavation is a form of extracting knowledge from huge amount of entropy stored in informationbases, info w arehouse and entropy repositories. Crime is an interesting application where data mine plays an central spot in terms of criminal offense prognostication and analysis. This paper presents detailed study on gang techniques and its role on criminal offense applications. This also helps the law enforcers in better investigation and plague prevision.Key words Crime data archeological site, offence data analysis, thumping. entranceIn recent years, volume of annoyances lead to serious problems throughout the world. Now-a- eld criminals have maximum use of modern technologies and hi-tech methods which serve up criminals to commit abhorrences at an immense measure. The law enforcers have to effectively gain out challenges of iniquity guard and maintain public law and o rder. Hence, first appearance of a data base for offensive activitys and criminals is required. Data minelaying techniques have higher(prenominal) influence in the fields such(prenominal) as law-and-enforcement, narcotics, cyber crime, human trafficking and sophisticated crimes. Crime data mining has been applied in the law and enforcement to feel the criminal details and useful information automatically, using named entity-extraction method. In this method, each word is compared with the noun phrases and the binary program nurture either zero or angiotensin converting enzyme will be generated which indicates the match or mismatch of the name.Intelligence agencies and university of genus Arizona collaborated COPLINK project and applied crime data mining in two-dimensions as crime types and security concerns to analyses crime and criminals and face challenges of law-enforcement problems of massive data bases from constabulary narrative records 9. Suspects give details to le gal philosophy force investigations in order to mist and spoil the proceedings of the investigation. During the time of investigation, comparison is needed to find the balances amid real entities and shoddy entities. One of the hold measurement methods is Euclidean distance method which is applied to calculate the distance between pairs of the real and deceptive entity and this distance gives the deceptions accurately at the time of detection 10. Hence, data mining techniques and lump algorithms have been developed for better crime analysis which leads to the prediction of crimes in approaching.The organization of the paper is as follows. Section II discusses some(prenominal)(prenominal) researches and applications on crime data analysis. Section III defines the role of data preprocessing in crime data mining. Section IV presents various crowd methods on crime domain and Section V discusses the conclusion and future determine.II Related workRecent developments in crime co ntrol applications aim at adopting data mining techniques to aid the process of crime investigation. One of the earlier projects COPLINK, was teamed with Artificial Intelligence Lab of Arizona University, the police force departments of Tuscon , Phonix solving crime and criminal network analysis 8. Brown et al. proposed a framework for regional crime analysis (ReCAP), which was built to provide crime analysis with both data fusion and data mining techniques2. Data mining steps abstruse in crime investigations are accumulation of crime data from multiple data sources such as police narrative records, criminal background information which consists of previous investigation files and police arrest records are utilise to diagnose whether a umbrageous was involved in any earlier examples. If it so, verdict clues from past annals featuring the suspect and it avails the investigators to preside in the case.Using crime data mining techniques, roughly required information has been ext racted from the vast crime databases which are maintained by NCRB (National Crime Record Bureau) for locating crime hot-spots. This helps the law enforcers to predict the crimes and to check in the near-future. Nath et al. has proposed k- tauts crowd technique with some enhancements to aid the process of designation of crime patterns. Semi-supervised learning technique for knowledge discovery has also been save developed which helps to increase the predictive accuracy 6. J.S. de Bruin, K.Cocx and Kosters et al. have applied clustering techniques for the analysis of crimes and criminal carriers based on four salient factors such as crime nature, frequency, duration and severity of crime3. Binary (BCS) and transformed (TCS) categorical methods are resemblance based methods apply to find the similarity of correspond delegates between real and deceptive entities from the crime records13. Ozgul et al. recently suggested a crime prediction model on crime details like location, v isualise of the incident and mode-of-operandi of events against terrorists which have not been solved20. An enhanced Ak-mode algorithm called a burden clustering algorithm which consists of two- frames to extract similar case subsets from large flesh of crime datasets16.III. Role of data preprocessing in crime data miningData preprocessing techniques are mainly used for producing high-quality mining results. earthy data are being preprocessed before mining because data are in unlike format, collected from various sources and stored in the data base and data warehouses. Major steps involved in crime data mining are data cleaning, data integrating, data transformation and data reduction.Data CleaningFill in missing crime data lever.Smoothing crime dataRemoving outliers of crime data.Resolve inappropriate crime data.Data integrationMerging of crime data from multiple data storages.Data translationCrime data normalization.Attribute constructionData ReductionCrime Attribute subset selection.Dimensionality reduction of crime attributesData mining processRawdataAnalysisMining resultsFig. Data Preprocessing steps in crime data miningCrime data have been collected from different sources such as police narrative records, criminal profiles, case histories and log files. In the data cleaning step, missing values are filled, noisy data are smoothened ,outliers data are removed and inconsistent data are adjudicate. Data integration step undergoes merging of crime data. Data normalization and attribution construction are d mavin in the data transformation for tiredizing data. When standardization of crime data, the data range fall under 0.0 to 1.0. Attribute subsets are selected from crime dataset and dimensionality has reduced. After preprocessing, finally standard data underwent the process of mining and hence better results are obtained.IV. industry of clustering methods in CrimeThe Clustering methods play an important role on crime applications. Some of the cl ustering techniques highlighted are k-means clustering, Ak-mode algorithm and other(a) similarity methods. After preprocessing, the operational crime data are undergoing the clustering techniques for grouping the nature of crimes as different clusters. In this process, lots of unresolved crimes are also group together. The next step of clustering is to key out the significant or vital attribute. This whitethorn from case to case.ie. one of the cases may need the age group of victim as decisive attribute and it is very important in a murder cases.The k-means clustering is one of the basic partition clustering techniques. The objects of similar crime cases are grouped together and are very dissimilar when compare to other groups. This algorithm mainly used to partition the clusters based on their means. Initially descend of crime cases are grouped and specified as k clusters. The mean value is calculated as the mean distance between the objects. therefore number of iteration ar e through with(p) until the convergence occur. The iterative process of weighing attributes and crime types, future crime patterns can be detect by the detectives or analysts. Unsolved crimes are clustered based on decisive attribute and the results are given to the investigators to proceed the case further. This k-mean is applicable only for numerical attributes and it is not applicable to categorical attributes.Ak- mode clustering technique is used for categorical attributes. In this technique there are two steps such as attribute weighting phase and clustering phase. Weights of the attributes are computed using Information Gain Ratio (IGR) value for each attribute. The greatest value of weight is taken as decisive attribute. The distance between two categorical attributes are computed by decision the diversions between two cases give the similarity measures. The analyst has set the doorsill value with the help of the computation result of similarity measures.Finally binary an d transformed categorical similarity methods are discussed for finding similarity measures. In the data bases, attribute values are either numerical or categorical i.e. either quantitative or qualitative. In the quantitative (numerical), the difference between two attributes are calculated as the direct difference between those two values of attributes. In the case of qualitative(categorical), the difference between two attributes are calculated as binary values as 0 or 1. If there is a match than attribute value will be 1 or 0 if it is not. This method is named as binary categorical method (BCS). In the transformed categorical likewise (TCS) method, the similarity table has created for all the attributes and the differences between those attributes value will be calculated. This difference gives the similarity measures. Hence various clustering techniques are used to identify the crime patterns which helps the crime analysts to proceed the cases further.V. Conclusion and future wo rkCrime data were under various data preparing steps i.e cleaned the data, resolved inconsistent data and outliers are removed. Grouping crime data objects of clustering was needed to identify crime patterns which support crime analysts and law-enforcers to proceed the case in the investigation and help solving unsolved crimes faster. Similarity measures is an important factor which helps to find unsolved crimes in crime pattern. K-means, Ak-mode and other similarity methods such as binary categorical and transformed categorical methods were used to find the similarity measures of attributes which are very much needed to the crime analysts and police enforcers to solve unsolved crimes.In future, some of the enhancements should be done in the existing algorithms to get an accurate results. There should be some improvement in finding similar case subsets that will be a good direction for solving crimes easily. Finally, challenge of setting room access value without crime analyst may be an important lying-in in future.

The Lord of The Flies | Analysis

The gentle of The wing AnalysisLord of the move by William Golding is one of the most popular and endearing books of the twentieth century. In set well-nigh a morality tale, in part an analysis of the human psyche, it is in any case a supremely interesting and exciting adventure story. All of these feature elements make the book a true classic and a never-failing interview favourite. The book also demonstrates its significance to todays audiences via the many references do of it in popular hysteriaure. Artists as divergent as U2, who named a song after one of the books chapters, through to the creators of cult TV drama Lost pay testament to the value and tintinnabulation of William Goldings Lord of the fly.Within its pages we see drama, tension, horror, cruelty and the r be complexities that can occur when people argon forced into unique situations. This encourages the audience to philosophically plunge with the book and look more deeply into it to line up answers to th e questions it poses That work was Lord of the Flies, by William Golding. The book was the first novel that caused me to speculate for longer than I read (Dalrymple, T, 2005)A plane crash strands a group of British schoolboys on an unknown island. In a golf club now shorn of traditional authority figures, it is up to the abandoned boys to wee some kind of working system to guide them through the dangers, unavoidably inherent, in their new, unchartered existence. The difficulties they encounter lead to violence and separatism and death. At the beginning of the novel we are introduced to the key divisions Ralph, Piggy and Jack. Ralph and Jack are almost immediately engaged in a struggle for origin thus emphasising one of Lord of the Flies key features, which is its ability to effectively mirror adult situations. In this case it can be seen as indicative of a wider human inclination to become top-dog.Lord of the Flies is a novel that is filled with tension and drama. Defeated by Ralph in the election battle, Jack instead turns his attention to other, more dynamically ferine pursuits and becomes in charge of an almost-crazed hunting division of boys, thus finding a way to both proclaim his importance and issue a repugn to the incumbent as he satisfies his thirst for source in gradually more ominous and violent ways.The mandate for the group is created and the boys immediately settle down to get on with the business of having fun and keeping the signal fervidness burning. Therefore, this child-like perspective of leader get off values and what is important in society is a fascination component of Goldings work and accounts for much of its popularity and subsequent precise analysis due to its deft mirroring of many of todays mores and traditions.A seemingly simple tale of schoolboys marooned on an island, Lord of the Flies has proven to be one of the most enigmatic and provocative pieces of books ever published Olsen, K (2000).The other early principal character Piggy is almost immediately discounted by the boys due to his demeanour and appearance. This upgrade emphasises the plots reflection of real-life patterns of behaviour and attitude where the ethos is often seen to be survival of the fittest as Piggy, less physically impressive and worldly-wise than the power brokers now operating on the island, is rejected He is lacking in onslaught, unwilling to adventure, cries easily, is not interested in competing .. As a will of his shortcomings, he is more than at the bottom of the hierarchy of the boys stranded on the island (Berseka, T, 2003). Once more, this facet of Goldings work will engage with those who recognize contemporary society has an increasing penchant for populism and the triumph of aggression everywhere civility.Already made to feel anxious by the inherent aggression in Jacks leadership style and his bloodthirsty appetency for hunting pigs, the younger members of the fledgling society are also made to feel in secure by the rumours of a beast stalking the island. This wild clamour for blood ultimately culminates in Piggys demise. furiousness is shown to be a significant strategy in gaining power and influence, once again echoing many such instances in the real adult world.Although ground on the dynamics of a group of schoolboys, the novel confronts profound questions of innocence, immoral and the fall of man, casting doubt on the possibility of any fixed social progress Carter, R MacRae, J, 2001This bloodlust reaches its nadir when one of the few odd serving under Jacks more traditional leadership, Simon, is savagely murdered by Ralphs off-shoot tribe in an almost ritualistic fervour. This group are now distinctly separate and wilder than the others and are intoxicated by their own power. As Ralph himself is about to become the deuce-ace victim, the boys fire is spotted by a patrolling British Navy ship which effects a rescue.The somewhat ambivalent ending of Lord of the Flies fu rther engages the audience by leaving them with unanswered questions and moral dilemmas. The leadership contest, the struggle for survival, the corrupting rush of power, the use of violence as a means to an end and the descent of the human species into an almost animalistic narrate raises questions relating to the very basic foundations of the human condition. What do their actions tell us about notions of respect for one another? How delicate is the balance between shade and savagery? How damaging is their loss of innocence? All of these questions serve to engage the reader in Goldings classic text.BIBLIOGRAPHYBerseka, T, T. (2003), The Changing Boys World in the 20th Century Reality and Fiction, The Journal of Mens Studies, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 157Carter, R. Macrae, J.(2001), The Routledge History of literature in English Britain and Ireland, Routledge, LondonDalrymple, T. (2005), Desert-Island Reading, New Criterion, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 1.Olsen, K. (2000), Understanding Lord o f the Flies A Student Casebook to Issues, Sources, and Historical Documents, Greenwood Press, Westport, CT.

Body and Nature as Metaphor in A Thousand Acres Essay -- Smiley Thousa

bole and character as allegory in A Thousand estate   near issues on a farm return to the issue of tutelage up appearances. (Smiley p.199) The female personify is a reservoir, a virgin damn of still, pooled urine where the fetus comes to term. (Paglia p.27) A fetus is a benign tumor, a vampire who steals in order to live. (Paglia p.11) The epigraph to this novel is from The Ancient nation and the Newly pose The organic structure repeats the arenascape. They are the source of for each one other and create each other. We were mark by the seasonal body of receivedity, by the terrible migrations of people, by the fleet turn of a century, verging on change never before experient on this greening planet. This encompasses much of what the novel is about, every devise having some significance for its project. Human bodies, as tumefy as the body of earth, are subject to both seasonal and social change. I entreat elsewhere how Ginnys body becomes a signifying sys tem for social intercourse, as does the scene surrounding her. Here, I would like to explore the multiplex meanings of the motif of the roofing tiles. When Ginnys ancestors arrived, their land was marshy, wet, impossible to farm. Laying down tiles drained the water and became the backside for their wealth- magically, tile produced prosperity(15). This signifies the tally that capitalist industrial farming exerts toward nature, a control that ultimately becomes ravaging. As Jess tells Ginny, the way Larry farms has poisoned the land and its people People comport known for ten years or more that nitrates in well water cause miscarriages and death of infants. Dont you know that the fertilizer flood drains into the aquifer? (165). The show richness and the treacherous, wet p... ...y to turn the destructive forces to her advantage. The important difference, bring unneurotic issues of body and nature in the novel, is that her poison is not chemical, notwithstanding instincti ve the root of water hemlock. Ginny envisions her poisoning of Roses body as the inescapable moderate of the incest of Rose, but it is indirectly also the result of the abuse of her I panorama ... of that cell dividing in the dark and then living quite an than dying, subdividing, multiplying, growing, Roses real third child .... Her dark child, the child of her union with Daddy.(323) When she destroys the reel of poison, the however remaining object of her past life and the metaphoric container of that lifes destructive path, she sugar the spreading of social and filial poison, hindering its influence on the lives of the proximo generation Pammy and Linda. That is the hope of the future. Body and Nature as Metaphor in A Thousand Acres Essay -- Smiley Thousa Body and Nature as Metaphor in A Thousand Acres   Most issues on a farm return to the issue of keeping up appearances. (Smiley p.199) The female body is a reservoir, a virgin patch of still, pooled w ater where the fetus comes to term. (Paglia p.27) A fetus is a benign tumor, a vampire who steals in order to live. (Paglia p.11) The epigraph to this novel is from The Ancient People and the Newly Come The body repeats the landscape. They are the source of each other and create each other. We were marked by the seasonal body of earth, by the terrible migrations of people, by the swift turn of a century, verging on change never before experienced on this greening planet. This encompasses much of what the novel is about, every phrase having some significance for its project. Human bodies, as well as the body of earth, are subject to both seasonal and social change. I argue elsewhere how Ginnys body becomes a signifying system for social intercourse, as does the scenery surrounding her. Here, I would like to explore the multiplex meanings of the motif of the tiles. When Ginnys ancestors arrived, their land was marshy, wet, impossible to farm. Laying down tiles drained the water a nd became the basis for their wealth- magically, tile produced prosperity(15). This signifies the control that capitalist industrial farming exerts toward nature, a control that ultimately becomes destructive. As Jess tells Ginny, the way Larry farms has poisoned the land and its people People have known for ten years or more that nitrates in well water cause miscarriages and death of infants. Dont you know that the fertilizer runoff drains into the aquifer? (165). The surface richness and the treacherous, wet p... ...y to turn the destructive forces to her advantage. The important difference, bringing together issues of body and nature in the novel, is that her poison is not chemical, but natural the root of water hemlock. Ginny envisions her poisoning of Roses body as the inevitable result of the incest of Rose, but it is indirectly also the result of the abuse of her I thought ... of that cell dividing in the dark and then living rather than dying, subdividing, multiplying, gro wing, Roses real third child .... Her dark child, the child of her union with Daddy.(323) When she destroys the jar of poison, the only remaining object of her past life and the metaphoric container of that lifes destructive path, she stops the spreading of social and filial poison, hindering its influence on the lives of the future generation Pammy and Linda. That is the hope of the future.

Sams :: essays research papers fc

quaint Egyptian Burial A profound belief in feel later death is why burials in ancient Egypt are so elaborate. There was two different ways to artificially preserve bodies. When the past Egyptians buried their dead they did not want the bodies to be washed away(p) by the floods. They also didnt want to use up of import farmland for cemeteries. The dead were buried close to the villages in the higher luxurious dry deserts that covered the Nile. One-way of preserving a body was the linen paper and plaster method. The body would be wrapped in some(prenominal) layers of protective linen. This would give the body the look of mummies that are in todays movies. The idea of wrapping the bodies in linen was to preserve as a lot as the bodys features as possible. The linen and plaster was utilize to hold the shape of the face. Another widely used method of preserving bodies has to do with Natron. Natron is a natural salt th at is found in Egypt. The salts would dry expose the body parts so rotting would go slow. Salts were used to muss a dead body. The Egyptians experimented with many different ways of mummifying. Only kings and their princely wives were buried in pyramids. Funerals depended on how much money you had. There were many different burials for different community. The poor, craftsmen and artists, nobles and courtiers, royal family, and the kings had different methods in which they were buried. The poor people didnt have very elaborate funerals. They were just buried in the sand. Given the gifts of a pot, some food and some other modest goods is what poor people used to survive in the world after life. Craftsmen and artists were buried with a little more care but the burials were lock in not fancy at all. Buried in the fetal commit they were basically just thrown in the dirt and mud. The nobles and courtiers were sometimes habituated the gift of a tomb. The nobles and courtiers were buried in shafts that sometimes were nice.

Why President Truman Decided to Drop Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Naga

Why Pre spotnt Truman Decided to Drop Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki At 0245 August 6th 1945, the B-29 Superfortress the Enola Gay took off from the oddly lengthened North Field on the Island of Tinian in the Marianas. The plane piloted by Colonel Paul Tibbets was 7 tons. At 0815 hours the bomb doors of the B-29 opened and flying at approximately 32,000 ft the uranium based atom bomb code-named olive-sized Boy was unleashed upon the city of Hiroshima. Over 70,000 men women and children were killed by blast alone. And everyplace the next half century approximately another 40,000 would die from related illnesses. With this 70,000 were wounded at Hiroshima. The co-pilot of the Enola Gay could see, smoke and ack-ack guns creeping up the side of the mountain. Then again on August 9th a sulphur holocaust was unleashed on Nagasaki. a giant ball of fire uprise as though from the bowels and a giant pillar of purple fireshooting sky struggled and with en ormous speed The effects of the bomb present were much less spectacular than at Hiroshima. There were only 80,000 initial casualties of which 40,000 were dead. Japan surrendered to the allied forces on August 14th, 1945. Emperor Hirohito made the declaration to a stunned nation, I can not endure the melodic theme of letting my people suffer any longer. A continuation of the war would bring death to tens, perhaps hundreds, of thousands of persons, the whole nation would be decrease to ashes. Who had ordered this barbaric act, and for what purpose? To find the answer we examine the military situation surrounding the final stages of the war on Japan, Americas diplomatic controversy with Russia, the need to app... ...ium bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. The USSR still held onto large areas of Eastern europium and forced communism onto the held territories. The bombing showed the Russians what incredible power the new gun had. If the USSR were to keep up the balance with America then they too moldiness have one. This set the scene for the nuclear arms race among the US and the USSR, it was democracy against communism, an iron curtain descended across Europe and already the Cold War had begun. If the Cold War prevented a more constituted war between the two superpowers then the fact that they both had weapons of throng destruction acted as each others deterrent. And so if this is the case then the delectation of the bomb although unknown at the succession has been justified, as it is the only time that a weapon of its kind has ever been used in anger.

Forensic Science Essay -- essays research papers

rhetorical apprehension has contributed to our world a great deal. People often misunderstand Forensic Science and believe it is much more capable than it really is. As a matter of fact what you see on T.V. is around 80% false or over exaggerated in some way. To simoleons of, Criminal Investigation is the largest and most known form of Forensic Science. round of the more known beas include Fingerprinting, Ballistics, DNA Identification, Fiber Samples, Computer Animation, authentication analysis, etc. To get this out of the way in the beginning, what you saw on last nights law and order is far from the truth. Things they do in a matter of hours disengage months at a time, and most of the time arent even plausible concepts.Fingerprinting information varies in numerous ways. Each persons fingerprints are different in someway (Unique). The technical term is actually DNA fingerprinting because us as a person obviously cant just take a look at a fingerprint and see the dissimilitu de we must analyze the actual DNA behind it. Sometimes a miss concept of most people is, that fingerprints stay perfectly fresh-cut for extended periods of time. Partial fingerprints and even degraded full fingerprints can one shot up to be useless sometimes. Fingerprints are not admissible if they are 99.9% sure, they must be 100% or a Forensics lab pull up stakes not support them. DNA Fingerprinting, and the fingerprints that are at the tips of your actual fingers are two different things. The ones we a...

Drilling Alaska: America Needs to Adopt Conservation Practices! Essay

cover production AlaskaI recently get word an article in Scientific American ( may 2001) titled the arctic crude & wildlife refuge. The article addresses the issue of whether or non intelligence has the ability to enlighten the potential economic benefits and the ecological risks of bore into the nations perish great coastal wilderness preserve. What I began to wonder after yarn the article is, if we gentlemans gentleman should continue our scientific and technological petroleum endeavors unconstipated though we are causing permanent harm to our earth. My feeling is that we should non drill in Alaskas pivotal.In the early twentieth century, apprehension and technology brought the automobile. In less than i hundred years, humans specially Americans have grown increasingly subject on the conveniences natural from widespread use of the automobile. In tear Americans are the approximately dependent population in the world on petroleum. Last year, Americans con sumed 19.5 million barrel per day. It is estimated that our use go out rise to 23 million by 2010 (Gibbs 2001) Our unsatiated appetite for petroleum has sparked a uncultivated debate within this terra firma and this congress on whether or not taping into the Arctic fossil oil supply is necessary. Proponents of drilling cite that geographic expedition and production can be done without causing any ill impacts on the Arctic wildlife. Critics further believe drilling will exploit unretractable consequences on the pristine Arctic ecosystem. The debate is now in the manpower of Congress to decide.Senate bill S.389 could potentially open the 1002 Area of Alaska to oil and bumble exploration and production. The bill would deed over for the Bureau of Land Management to checker activities to ensure that activities will head in no significant a... ...ys population is reliant on science and technology to get us through the challenges we face, I kip down that we can develo p other path to meet our needs, conservation organism the key. More Americans must learn to bury conservation as a science. Conservation on practices that require fantastic amounts of petroleum and conservation of our milieu must be adopted. It is amazing that the US, the most developed country in the world, is so far behind our friends in terms of conservation. It is about clipping we drill into the American conscious and call down conservative practices. While humans remain here on ball we will further science and technology and hopefully our betterment will not come at the cost of our world. Work CitedGibbs, W. Wayt. the arctic oil & wildlife refuge. Scientific American May 2001pages 62-69. Drilling Alaska America Needs to Adopt Conservation Practices Essay Drilling AlaskaI recently read an article in Scientific American (May 2001) titled the arctic oil & wildlife refuge. The article addresses the issue of whe ther or not science has the ability to clarify the potential economic benefits and the ecological risks of drilling into the nations last great coastal wilderness preserve. What I began to wonder after reading the article is, if we humans should continue our scientific and technological petroleum endeavors even though we are causing irreversible harm to our earth. My feeling is that we should not drill in Alaskas Arctic.In the early twentieth century, science and technology brought the automobile. In less than one hundred years, humans especially Americans have grown increasingly dependant on the conveniences born from widespread use of the automobile. In turn Americans are the most reliant population in the world on petroleum. Last year, Americans consumed 19.5 million barrels per day. It is estimated that our use will rise to 23 million by 2010 (Gibbs 2001) Our insatiable appetite for petroleum has sparked a fiery debate within this country and this congress on whether or n ot taping into the Arctic oil supply is necessary. Proponents of drilling cite that exploration and production can be done without causing any adverse impacts on the Arctic wildlife. Critics however believe drilling will cause unretractable consequences on the pristine Arctic ecosystem. The debate is now in the hands of Congress to decide.Senate bill S.389 could potentially open the 1002 Area of Alaska to oil and gas exploration and production. The bill would allow for the Bureau of Land Management to control activities to ensure that activities will result in no significant a... ...ys population is reliant on science and technology to get us through the challenges we face, I know that we can develop other means to meet our needs, conservation being the key. More Americans must learn to accept conservation as a science. Conservation on practices that require enormous amounts of petroleum and conservation of our environment must be adopted. It is amazing that the US, the most developed country in the world, is so far behind our friends in terms of conservation. It is about time we drill into the American conscious and extract conservative practices. While humans remain here on Earth we will further science and technology and hopefully our betterment will not come at the cost of our world. Work CitedGibbs, W. Wayt. the arctic oil & wildlife refuge. Scientific American May 2001pages 62-69.

Market Opportunity Analysis :: essays research papers fc

merchandise Opportunity AnalysisRuonan Tan0423688IntroductionIn our modern fiat , lots of companies are surrounded by the numerous competition and dealt with some questions , for example , are your products consistent with your customers current and future involve? Do you have a flow of new products to meet the information needs of your securities industry? Are the products youre raiseing strategically significant? The make is unkown , because the market opportunity analysis for every product is playing an measurable role in company s philosophy .Jerry Y. Wind has argued that securities industry opportunity analysis is key to the survival and growth of any inviolable including national and international companies , particularly in the competitive marketplace. ( The Lauder professor and professor of Marketing, The Wharton School, Trustee, The Philadelphia Museum of Art) . The ever-accelerated updating of economic and commercial brings about a great number of changes and c hallenges in modern society , especially in the expanding upon of marketplace and influence of market opportunity research and analysis for opposite firms . It seems that market opportunity is playing significant role .Recently Hi-Micro company was launch and have identified that the on-going globalization of the world economy, its strategic location, and the existing market structure provide them with a potential opportunity to develop as an international high-tech computer market leader. In recognition of the risks involved, Hi-micro riddle the market of Innovators and Mercedes to examine the basis for the opportunity, assess how these two products measure up against competing other companies , such as Wellbox and KnLs , determine potential market niches, and develop a strategic marketing plan. This current report, the Hi-Micro Market Opportunity Analysis, represents the regale of marketing through the analyses of the following sections mainly for Hi-micro that are closely c erebrate to market opportunity analysis . The business milieu and the forcesWhat is an on petition Operating Environment? It is defined as a set of desegregation and infrastructure management capabilities that customers and partners can utilize, in a modular and additive fashion, to enable the transformation to e-business on demand. It is not a single product, nor a brand, nor a platform, nor an architecture.The design of an on demand operating environment must(prenominal) match the design of the business itself. In order for to a greater extent and more flexibility and componentization to be achieved in the business design, the infrastructure must evolve from silos of complex, over-provisioned, proprietary hardware and software to a standards-based infrastructure where cogency can be optimized across the entire organization.

Love Today :: essays research papers

Love in todays dry land has been strongly effected by thesocial and artistic factors of the past. The question of howhas the social environment, in which love is taking place,effected the people that atomic number 18 in love. In stories like Romeoand Juliet, the social environment is the major aspect of themain portion love life. Because of their feuding families,their love almost did not exisist, but at the very(prenominal) time, if theirfamilies where not in this situation, their love might not ofbeen inspired in the first place. Problems like this show upin hundreds of fiction and true life stories all of the time. Theonly difference betwixt the love between Romeo and Julietand other scenarios such as West posture Story, and Splendorin the Grass, is that these social situations make the storyinteresting, therefore, a rattling(prenominal) love story. In the story,West Side Story, there is a abundant social disagreementbetween devil New York City gangs, the Jets and theSh arks. The Jets are primarily a white territorial gang thathas been sworn to crusade there street from a Puerto Ricangang, the Sharks. This social difference had made these twogroups sworn enemies of each and there fore there, it wasknown that there was to be no interaction between the gangsunless it was expressed in hostility. At a dance on night thatboth of the racial groups were attending, Tony, a Jetsveteran, had his ticker caught by a young girl, Maria, whohappened to be the younger sister of the Sharks leader,Benardo. two of the gangs where bulge outraged because Tonyhad crossed the social line because his love had ruled out theidea of fighting the Sharks because it was not acceptable.Therefore, these two people in love, at once inferred withthe social environment during the time that they were livingin. In a distinguishable sort of social aspect of love, Splendor in theGrass is an small example of how a social environmentmay be cogitate to people in love. Bud, the main character inthe story, is from a abstruse family in the Midwest. Budsgirlfriend, Deanie, is from a family with less money, whothink the world of Bud, but look down at a sexual descent between the two lovers. The play starts off withthe two high instruct seniors very committed to each. Theyspend most of their time together and would enrapture times ofbeing together alone. As the play moves on, many factors inBuds life make their relationship to a greater extent and morecomplicated. Such as Buds father Ace, encouraging his password

How Hitchcock Challenges Audience Expectations in his Film Psycho :: Papers

How Hitchcock Challenges Audience Expectations in his aim Psycho Hitchcock does very(prenominal) well in his spud with security review of film making in the nineteen fifties as he goes right to the limits of were the film is incisively suitable to show the nation. He does this umteen times in his film, nonpareil example is where Marian gets undressed and dressed. You deliberate her bra and knickers in this guesswork, which is very unusual back then, it is worsened than comprehend nudity in films flat. If Marian had taken any think of else off in this circumstance it would have been explicit nudity, therefore not be able to be shown in the film. This is what I mean by how Hitchcock takes censorship to the limit. Some other censorship themes that Hitchcock took to the boundary was expressive kissing, hex and brutality. Hitchcock went as far as possible with censorship to grip the hearing and get more of a feel to the film. Psycho is a cardina l in England to buy on video these days because the censorship now is nothing compared to back when the film was made, a director can do basically anything now. The audience now would say it should be a xii or lower as there is no swearing or sexual pictures and not that a good deal brutality and parents would not mind their children seeing this. The scenes are still scarey to the audience though and it would take instead an intelligent twelve stratum old to wrap their head roughly what is about and how it develops at the end. The change in psycho is great and moldiness have taken a week to do just cardinal scene. It is very good for the scene and for the audience as it builds tension and creates an atmosphere. The outflank scene to show this as an example is the famous lavish scene where Marian is murdered, whilst having a shower, by Norman dressed as his make with a knife. There was lxxviii separate camera set ups essential for the shower scene from the shower head, down the toilet, from the mirror, MariansHow Hitchcock Challenges Audience Expectations in his Film Psycho Papers How Hitchcock Challenges Audience Expectations in his Film Psycho Hitchcock does very well in his film with censorship of film making in the nineteen fifties as he goes right to the limits of were the film is just suitable to show the nation. He does this many times in his film, one example is where Marian gets undressed and dressed. You see her bra and knickers in this scene, which is very unusual back then, it is worse than seeing nudity in films now. If Marian had taken any think else off in this scene it would have been explicit nudity, therefore not be able to be shown in the film. This is what I mean by how Hitchcock takes censorship to the limit. Some other censorship themes that Hitchcock took to the boundary was expressive kissing, swearing and brutality. Hitchcock went as far as possible with censorship to grip the audience and get more of a feel to the film. Psycho is a fifteen in England to buy on video these days because the censorship now is nothing compared to back when the film was made, a director can do basically anything now. The audience now would say it should be a twelve or lower as there is no swearing or sexual scenes and not that much brutality and parents would not mind their children seeing this. The scenes are still scary to the audience though and it would take quite an intelligent twelve year old to wrap their head round what is about and how it develops at the end. The editing in psycho is great and must have taken a week to do just one scene. It is very good for the scene and for the audience as it builds tension and creates an atmosphere. The best scene to show this as an example is the famous shower scene where Marian is murdered, whilst having a shower, by Norman dressed as his mother with a knife. There was seventy-eight separate c amera set ups needed for the shower scene from the shower head, down the toilet, from the mirror, Marians

Visual Impairment in Alzheimers Disease :: Opthamology Alzheimers Disease Essays

Visual Impairment in Alzheimers DiseaseThe documentation of a severe form of dementia by Alois Alzheimer in 1907 began a massive investigation of the cause of this disorder. Some of the plebeian symptoms of Alzheimers Disease consist of memory loss, impaired language ability, impaired judgement, and skill (M. Wong, et al. , 1997). Alzheimers Disease (AD) is mainly a disease of the cerebral cortex. Alzheimers is marked structurally by the olden plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and severe loss of neurons and synapses in the cerebral cortex. Alzheimers is a neurodegenerative disorder ( Hof, Vogt, Bouras, and Morrison 1997). Recent attention has been focused on opthalmic disfunction in Alzheimers Disease (K. U. Loffler, D. P. Edward, & M. O. M. Tso 1995). Visual ProblemsDuring the clinical evaluation of patients with mild to mitigate dementia of the AD type, optical difficulties such as topographic agnosia, visual agnosia, alexia without agraphia, and prosopagnosia are detected. A D patients have The problem of describing the individual components of a picture is consistent with the severity of cytochrome oxidase (C.O.) deficits in the association cortical areas. opposite deficits experienced by AD patients were texture discrimination, blue-violet discrimination, and 4.72 deg/sec motion detection. When AD patients were compared to other age-matched controls, AD patients had shown specific deficits in contrast sensitivity. Deficits in tint vision were only age-related (M. Wong-Riley, et al. , 1997). StudiesSelective degeneration of large ganglion cell axons was discover in the optic nerves of AD patients, which suggested an impairment of broad-band channel visual function. Although studies show that the broad-band visual capabilities are not selectively impaired in AD. Dorsal LGN studies have shown that both the magno- and parvicellular neurons were greatly affected in AD patients. Strangely, AD patients were impaired at low frequencies instead of the high frequencies, worry in old age. This implies that regions controlling the low spacial frequency bear on in the primary visual cortex would be affected to a greater extent than those for high frequency processing (M. Wong-Riley, et al. , 1997). The neuropathologic examination of the brains with visual impairment in the Hof et al. (1997) study revealed cortical atrophy dominating on the posterior parietal cortex and occipital lobe(Hof et al.). A study by Beta-amyloid is considered an important work out in AD and was shown to be the major cause in senile plaques. AcetylcholineA number of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, including acetylcholine (ACh), somatostatin and glutamate have been found to be deficient in Alzheimers disease (AD).

Virtual Child Pornography Should be Legal :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays

Virtual barbarian Pornography Should be LegalThis nation has several issues over which or so peoples minds freeze up, with the disastrous drug war probably leading the list. I dont share a feeling of squeamishness and horror when it comes to drugs What I dont want, I dont take, its that simple. And I dont spend time fretting that my neighbors might be toking, or snorting, in the privacy of their homes. Child porno is something else it pushes all kinds of emotional hot-buttons in me. certainly I would agree with the majority that anyone who exploits babyren in a sexual modal value is committing a serious offense, deserving of harsh punishment. And anyone who get his kicks wagering at images of children in sexual situations, well, thats also pretty horrifying to my sensibilities. I am very glad that my own lust meter pegs when I look at fully grown women, not at some new(prenominal) subset of the population. Nevertheless, I feel moved to speak against the wave of hysteria th at is exemplified by U.S. Rep. Henry Browns call for a Constitutional amendment to ban virtual child pornography. (Virtual child pornography is images that appear to be of children having sex, but which are in fact made-up, simulated by the miracles of modern computer graphics). Some who maintain such an amendment do so on the basis that the Constitution is not meant to cover specific legislative issues. That is true, but it misses the larger point, which comes down to underlying rights, even for people we think keep back horrifying tastes. To put it bluntly, children (and adults too, of course) have the right not to be sexually exploited, BUT, adults have the right to sustain any material which does not directly exploit children. Yes, including virtual pornography. I think a strong case could be made that it should not be illegal for someone to possess images of ACTUAL child pornography The crime has been committed by the person exploiting the children, not the person regard the picture. Nevertheless, in this column Im taking the less assertive position that altogether pretend pictures of children dont warrant legal sanction. Think about this Take a diaper. limn a big guy with an erect c***. Draw a much smaller figure giving him a b*** j**. You have just committed a felony. Take that napkin and stuff it in someone elses pocket.