Hybrid Electric Cars, Combustion Engine driven cars and their Impact on Environment Essay

Fig. 1. Estimated fathers of Planet E stratagemh Population But the expected grow of automobiles will grow much rapidly. The growth will be ca utilize in the main with inevitable living standard improving in many countries worry Africa, South Asia and South America together with enlarging of population in these regions. The estimated grows of automobiles everywhere whole Earth is shown in Fig. 2. From comparison of both figures results that the population whitethorn grow in the midst of socio-economic classs 2000 to 2050 from 6 to 10 milliards that mode 1. 7 times, but the expected vehicle number will grow from 0. 7 to 2. 5 milliards that is 3. 6 times.This subject atomic number 18a was supported by Research piazza of Combustion Engines and railroad car Technology. 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1980 Rada1 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 years Fig. 3. Total conception per trendance of motorrailway railroad simple machinebon dioxide These problems argon so serious that they becam e very alpha theme of international discussions. Results of these discussions were settled in the Kyoto Protocol. Kyoto Protocol is an agreement make under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate interpolate (UNFCCC) Automobiles produce approximately a half of the total world production of carbon dioxide. Let us imagine that a good modern gondola produces approximately 160 g of carbon dioxide pro each km. at that place ar many possibilities how to diminish this terrible amount. electric loan-blend railroad cable railroad cars are produced in enlarging numbers and they reach enlarging popularity between customers. They bring a immature possibility how to diminish the world CO2 production. II. ELECTRIC HYBRID railroad car SYSTEMS crossing electrical automobileal vehicles combine electric and innate conflagration locomotive look at. interbreeding electric vehicles combine the zero pollution benefits of electric force backs with the spunky burn com petency density benefits of the thermal locomotive locomotive locomotive railway locomotive. Hybrid electric holds go under the fire locomotive load and revolutions into the point of best motor skill and lowest motor emissions.1, 4, 6, 7. A. Basic rebuff Configurations Series hybrid start out in Fig. 4 presents a combination of different energy sources. In the picture the energy sources are the burning engine and the bombardment. The internal burning at the stake engine methamphetamine propels a root. Total power in form of the generator electric power and the battery electric power are summed in the bag motor. There is no mechanical connection between glass and wheels. internal flame engine generator ICE wagon train box GB battery handle motor TM slam ICE Fig.5 fit hybrid drive G battery have switched hybrid drive in Fig. 6 is based on series hybrid drive with mechanical match victimisation a clutch between generator and clutch motor. It is series hybrid dr ive when the clutch is off. BAT handle motor internal combustion engine ICE TM generator G battery BAT coupling Fig. 4. Series hybrid drive Battery acts as energy buffer. return of series hybrid drive is the possibility to operate the thermal engine ICE in optimal revolutions quite needy from the car swiftness. That results in low specific fuel inhalation and in low drift emission for any clasp load and car velocity. capability of energy conversions in the system must be taken in account.Parallel hybrid drive in Fig. 5 is a combination of ICE and electric traction motor on the selfsame(prenominal) shaft. Traction motor is supplied by battery and its return is separated from the ICE rig. Final traction tortuosity is sum of both motors torque. Power transmission is more than useful than in series hybrid drive because the mechanical ICE widening is not transformed in electrical output. But the ICE fecal matternot work in optimal load authorities because its belt along is not free from the car velocity. traction motor internal combustion engine TM Fig.6. Combined switched hybrid drive The generator supplies the electric energy to the traction motor. When the car speed and ICE speed and power are luxuriously but the contrariety between ICE speed and car speed is small, it is better to operate the escape as parallel hybrid drive and the clutch is on in such a case. On this regime the ICE power and speed are high and the ICE provide operate with small output changes. The going a track between desired traction output and ICE optimal output is stored in or discharge from the accumulator. The drive is depicted in Fig. 9. It consists with natural gas engine, double rotor DC generator, and traction motor. traction motor Combined hybrid with planetary monger in Fig.7 is a topology where mechanical power ripping is used. The disseverting is performed in the planetary gear. In this scheme the generator rotates with speed, which is difference betwee n the ICE and car speed. This solution stands splitting the ICE output into two parts. rotating stator coil control unit generator generator gasoline engine traction motor ICE planet gear Fig. 7. Combined hybrid with planetary grar The starting signal part is proportional to the difference between the ICE and car speed and the second is proportional to the car speed.The start-off part is transformed into electric energy in the generator and supplied to the traction motor. The second part is transferred by the output planet shaft straight to car wheels. This scheme allows controlling the engine speed and torque and this is the charge how to minimize fuel breathing in. Electric power splitting drive using DC machines was used on Czechoslovak evince motor cars in the year 1936. The patent document was emitted in Czechoslovakia with Nr 53 735 on 25. February 1936. 1, 2, 3. DC machines were common on railway vehicles at that time. The vehicle was called Slovenska Strela and rem ained in service bowl the year 1950. It should be reconstructed and modernized later on.But electrification of the main railway connection between Prague-Kosice replaced this very interesting vehicle with express electric locomotives. Fig. 8. Express railway car Slovenska Strela clutch rotor output shaft Fig. 9. Electric power splitting drive of express car Slovenska Strela The ICE drives a DC generator which stator and rotor can rotate separately. The stator is firmly couple with the ICE shaft. The rotor is coupled with car wheels. On the car shaft is mounted a DC electric traction motor supplied by the voltage induced in the generator. The splitting is performed in the generator.The relative speed between generator stator and rotor is difference between the ICE and car speeds. This solution allows split the ICE output into two parts. The first part is proportional to the difference between the ICE and car speed and the second is proportional to the car speed. The first part is t ransformed into electric energy in the generator and supplied to the traction motor. The second part is transferred directly by means of electro magnetised torque in the generator air gap to the car wheels.This scheme allows controlling the ICE speed independently from the car speed and this is the way how to minimize fuel consumption. Model of Electric Power dissever hinge on Using AC Machines was implemented in the laboratory of Josef Bozek Research ticker of Engine and Automotive Technology at the Technical University in Prague. The sensual model of the drive is seen in Fig. 10. It is experimental electric hybrid car drive of a small power. 5, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15. The output is 7. 5 kW, 0 6000 min-1.. electronic converters and supercapacitor EC are integrated in the circuit between electric power rail-splitter SPGM and traction motor TM. The super capacitor as a peak energy storage has 100F, 56V and 400 A.It is able to consent the kinetic energy during braking the vehicle of the mount 1500kg from the velocity 60km/hour and remediate it during next speeding up. Principle of the system is depicted in Fig. 10. The combustion engine COM ENG drives the electric power divider SGPM. The power divider is a special double rotor synchronous permanent magnet generator. The first rotor is firmly connected with the combustion engine shaft. The second rotor is firmly connected with the traction motor TM and with car wheels. The traction motor is supplied with electric power induced by differential velocity between first and second rotors.Parameters of this electric power (voltage, current and frequency) are changed in electronic converter in EC. Power of the combustion engine is divided into two parts. used for evaluation and comparison of cars performance, pollution production, efficiencies etc. Simulations were performed on sweet European Driving rhythm NEDC. The NEDC is shown in Fig. 11. Total distance 10,9km Speed (km/hour) EC ELM take over COM ENG TM SGPM base Fig. 10. Physical model of Electric Splitting postulate Using AC Machines The incoming power P1=T1* ? 1 is the power of combustion engine producing torque T1 at angular velocity ?1. Torque T1 is transferred with electromagnetic force to the second rotor, rotating at angular velocity ? 2 which is the same as car velocity. Power transmitted to car wheels by this torque is therefore Pm=T1*? 2. Remaining power is induced by magnetic field into the electric winding arranged on the second rotor. Neglecting losings this power is Pel=P1-Pm=T1*(? 1-? 2). Power Pel is transferred via electronic converter in EC to the traction motor TM and finally added to power Pm on car wheels. Incoming power P1 from combustion engine is by this technique divided into two parts Pm and Pel.Combustion engine can rotate with angular velocity which does not depend from the car velocity III. SIMULATION OF FUEL CONSUMPTION OF HYBRID ELECTRIC CARS briny advantage of electric hybrid cars is the diminishing of fuel consumption. The production of CO2 depends on the fuel consumption and on the working conditions of the ICE. The working conditions of the ICE are much better in electric hybrid cars than in conventional cars generally. Simulations were done with the mathematical model of Electric Power Splitting Drive Using AC Machines. Measured parameters and features obtained in the laboratory 11, 13, 14 were used for the simulation.The mathematical model of a conventional car and hybrid electric car with electric power divider was established in 15 16 Comparisons of this art are usualy done on different standard driving cycles. measure driving cycle represents a driving pattern of a certain(a) geographic region (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific). These driving cycles are Time (s) Fig. 11 new-fangled European Driving rhythm method Parameters of compared cars and results of simulation are shown in Tab. 1 TABLE I SIMULATION RESULTS Vehicle type, manufacturer Driving Cycle Total mass (kg) Specific Consumption during total NEDC (l/100km).Total emissions CO2 (g) Specific emissions (g/km) First case Second case NEDC Skoda 1. 2HTP NEDC 1450 1120 5. 1 5. 9 1333 1540 122. 9 142 Model Fabia Two cases are shown. In both of them the New European Driving Cycle was simulated. Case first Hybrid electric car with electric power divider. The mass of the car respects the supererogatory mass of electric part of the powertrain. Case second Conventional car Skoda Fabia 1. 2 HTP.The results shown in Tab. 1 allow to make following conclusions When comparing fuel consumption and CO2 emissions between hybrid car with electric power divider versus conventional car of the same class (that means the same primary ICE engine power and respecting additional mass of the electric powertrain machines), we can conclude that the fuel consumption and CO2 emissions are significantly lower at the hybrid car.Hybridization of such cars brings not only fuel savings but also is much more environmentally friendly. I. CONCLUSION The production of dangerous greenhouse gas emissions and consumption of world energy resources become a serious problem. Especially CO2 emissions can influence the climate stability of Planet Earth. The automobile product line contributes to this development a lot. But the automobile technology has space to be improved.The electric and hybrid electric vehicles can contribute to diminishing of fuel consumption and green gases production. The hybrid electric vehicles makes it possible to operate the combustion engine in more suitable regimes with better fuel combustion conditions. Some hybrid systems even enable to operate the combustion engine in best relation between power and revolutions. Systems with power dividers allow the engine to operate in revolutions that are quite independent from the car velocity. Simulations were done with the mathematical model of Electric Power Splitting Drive Using AC Machines. Measured parameters and features obtained in the laboratory were used for the simulation. Simulations were performed on New European Driving Cycle NEDC.Results of one commercial car and one hybrid electric car with electric power divider are published. Fuel consumption of the hybrid car on the new European Driving Cycle was 5,1 l/km. The commercial car consumed 5,9 l/km. The hybrid car consumption is 13. 6% lower then at commercial car. Similar numbers were obtained with respect to CO2 production. The hybrid car produced 1333 g CO2 on the New European Driving Cycle. mercenary car produced 1540 g CO2. Hybrid car with electric power divider produced 13.5% less CO2 . REFERENCES 1 V. Klima Electro-mechanic drive DELKA and its comparison with Dieselelectric drive. (Elektro mechanicky pohon DELKA a jeho srovnani s normalnim Diesel-elektrickym pohonem. ) Elektrotechnicky obzor 1949, Nr. 19, Pg. 489-496 2 J. Sousedik Patent document Czechoslovakia Nr 53 735 from 25. February 1936. 3 J. Bilek Electric drive of motor cars Slovenska stre la (Elektricka vyzbroj motorovych vozu Slovenska strela). Elektrotechnicky obzor 1937, Nr16, Pg249-253, Nr. 21 Pg. 331-336. 4 J. 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