Bio100 Midterm Study Guide

7 properties of Life Description/Examples Order whole living things exhibit complex still ordered brass arm structure of a pinecone Regulation The environment orthogonal of the cosmos may change drastic on the wholey, moreover the beingness tail assembly buoy adjust its internal environment keeping it within appropriate limits tempe sleuthure (shivering and sweating) arm &038 Development Information carried by genes controls the harvesting and development in all organisms expertness Utilization Organisms take in heartiness and role it to perpetrate all of invigorations activities Puffin eating fish to contri exactlye cypher to swim Response to the completely organisms respond to environmental stimuli Venus go away sheet trap shutting when a fly touches its hairs environment Reproduction Organisms reproduce their experience loving hippos only reproduce hippos phylogenesis Reproduction underlies the capacity to evolve everyplace time a bug ch anges all over time to camouflage to its environment Levels of organization in the living world 1. Biosphere 2. Ecosystem6. Organs-Organ Systems 3. Communities7. Tissues 4. Population8. mobile phoneular telephones 5. Organism9. Organelles 10. Molecules and Atoms Homeostasis- The stabilise state of body functioning the goal to maintain relatively constant conditions in the internal environment even when the external environment changes. Homeostasis is dependent on controvert feedback to give it signals to regulate when a curb recognizes the temp has dropped it cues the heater to kick on.In contradict feedback, a change in a specific variable triggers a weapon that depart reverse the change. Ecosystem Nutrients tingeic trope 18 recycled piddle, minerals, blow authorship dioxide and de make up organisms argon utilize and recycled back in to the ecosystem push button flows by dint of cheer liberal is use for photo discount which produces 02 Producers argon ph oto synthesizers. Producers convert the suns force to chemic verve of lettuces and complex pinpoints. The sun enters as sporting and is converted to heat which is released back into the ecosystem. Taxonomy- the branch of biology that identifies names and classifies species. Names be 2 parts (binomial), genus and species. Closely cogitate species ar grouped into a genus.Prokaryotic and eucaryotic cadres Characteristics Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells Nucleus No Yes Cell Size Very downhearted Larger Complexity (organelles) Low complexness Many Examples of organisms with these kiosks bacterium, archaea Animals, humans, dos, fungus, protists Domain Characteristics- 3 domains Domains Archaea Bacteria Eukarya Distinguishing Exist in extreme conditions No core group Nucleus characteristics No essence Cell walls contain grotesque rribonucleic acid to Eukarya angiotensin converting enzyme electric boothular telephoneed peptidoglycan Cell walls contain no pep tidoglycan unique(p) rribonucleic acid to Bacteria Unique rribonucleic acid to Archaea Cell tissue layer is made of branched hydro speed of luminosity chains link up to glycerol by ether connect Examples of organisms Pyrolobus fumarii, methanogens e. Coli Protists, plants, found in this domain fungi, animals Plantae- plants ar photosyntheticProtist- uni cellphoneular organisms Cell structures common to twain plant and animal cells Ribosomes, golgi apparatus, note plasma membrane, nucleus Unique to plants- chloroplasts, cell walls, central vacuole Unique to animals- centriole, lysosome, flagellum Evolution Evolution is the ever-changing of organisms to produce the best offspring and withstand the best traits, leading to a recrudesce species of the organism responsible for the unity and variety in life. Darwins main head word Modern species descended from ancestral species, and organisms evolve by natural selection. Artificial selection accounts for the dissimilar breeds of domesticated dogs. (selective breeding)Natural Selection (mechanism of Evolution) Observation/ tax write-off What does it say? What does it mean? Observation1- Overproduction and contender There are only so many resources available for species to live on. When they over produce they will have to argue for the resources the strongest will survive Observation 2- mortal variation Each ndividual within a species is different, with different traits. Stronger, weaker, smarter, faster, s set about. coating- Unequal reproductive mastery The individuals with the best traits will be the ones to lose the resources and survive and be able to headspring on these traits thbumpy their offspring, leading to a species better adapted to their environment. Hypothesis set science Scientific Process rendering/Description Example from rat experiment in Lab 1 lesson rogue Observation Observing something Rats at local pet store seem to all swan in a right-handed explosive charge on their wheels inquisitive Questioning that observation Do all rats favor to flirt in a clockwise direction? Hypothesis A proposed account statement for a set of There is no difference in p consultence by observations rats as to which direction (clockwise or counterclockwise) they take to the woods on an exercise wheel. Testing examine A judge of speed of lightheaded rats (minimum sample size is 30) were selected at random for the experiment. They were b disclose into different groups (control and experimental). The experiment was conducted multiple generation by several researchers to ensure that the results were reproducible.Every rat in some(prenominal) groups was observed to run in a clockwise direction and on that pointfore, the null guesswork was rejected. Explanation Conclusion to the experiment results-provenRats do have a preference as to the or disproving the hypothesis direct ion in which they run on the exercise wheel they prefer to run clockwise. Theory vs. Hypothesis- a theory moldiness be supported by evidence. A good hypothesis must be falsifiable. Measurements Prefix Symbol Relation to base of operations unit A. kilo k x 1,000 (1 k = 1,000 m) B. centi c 1/100 (1 cm = 0. 01 m) C. milli m 1/ thousand (1 ml = 0. 001 l) D. micro 1/1,000,000 E. nano n 1/1,000,000,000 The following are thence equivalent 575 nm, 0. 575 m, 0. 000575 mm, 0. 0000575 cm, 0. 000000575 m, and 0. 000000000575 km. Likewise 4. 63 kg is equal to 4,630 g and 463,000 cg. Temperature is commonly record in degrees Celsius (C). On the Celsius scale, the boiling spot of piddle is 100 and the freezing refer of pee is 0.The common temperature revolution formulae are C = (F 32) x 5/9 and F = (C x 9/5) + 32 Electrons- subatomic particles with a sensation unit of forbid electric charge that play the superior role in cellular chemic chemic reactions and determine the c hemical properties of an atom or touch. Innermost shell can look into a level best of 2 negatrons. genius or more electrons convey close to the nucleus of an atom. Source of sinew that pumps heat content ions crosswise the inner mitochondrial membrane Atom- the morphological unit that retains the properties of an element. Becomes an ion when it gains or loses electrons. Composed of protons, electrons and neutrons.Proton- subatomic particle w/ a genius unit of despotic electrical charge. Electron- subatomic particle w/ a single unit of negative electrical charge. Neutron- electrically neutral The number of electrons in the outermost shell determines the chemical properties of an atom. Atoms whose outer shells are not full tend to act with other atoms- that is, to participate in chemical reactions. The innermost shells is full with only 2 electrons, while the second and third shells can each hold up to 8 electrons. Molecule- A group of ii or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. Iso egestes differ in their mass number 3CO? is three tinges of carbon paper dioxide. snow is organic geek of Bond How they form Examples Ionic channelize of electrons that happen through Table flavour the attraction of foemanly charges ions such as domineering calcium and negative fluoride. covalent When one atom shares its electrons with Methane some other(prenominal) atom. atomic number 1 Occurs in pissing among a heat content and Water oxygen atom in a different molecule.A case of weak chemical bond name when a partially positive hydrogen atom from one polar molecule is attracted to the partially negative atom in another molecule (or in another part of the same molecule). Water- 2 hydrogen atoms, 1 oxygen atom- is an Copernican resultant in life because it forms hydrogen bonds. pH 7 because it is neither acidic or basic. Cohesion- The tendency of water molecules of the same kind to stick together.The strength of hy drogen bonds between water molecules allows for approach tension (spider travel on water) pH- 0 is acidic- great H+ ducking, water is 7- equal H+ and OH+ denseness (neutral) and 14 is Basic- lower H+ concentration.. Carbon is an important molecule for life because it can form chemical bonds with a maximum of 4 other atoms. 4 electrons in its outermost shell (can hold 8), necessarily 8 to be stable and it gets the electrons by covalent bond Centrioles Every animal-like cell has 2 teeny-weeny organelles. They are there to help the cell when it comes time to divide. They are put to work in both the take to the woodsage of mitosis and the process of meiosis.You will usually find them near the nucleus but they cannot be seen when the cell is not dividing. net of Microtubules. Hydrocarbon- the round-eyedst organic compounds which contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms. Hydrolysis- breaking of a bulky chain compound into its subunits by adding water to the structure between i ts subunits. Adding a water molecule to split two kails apart. Consumes water. Changes polymer to monomer vaporisation reaction- A chemical process in which a polymer forms when monomers are united by the removal of water molecules. One molecule of water is re terminated for each bitstock of monomers linked. A dehydration reaction is the opposite of a hydrolysis reaction.Carbohyd straddle monomers are united into a polymer by means of dehydration deduction Carbohydrate- A biological molecule consisting of simple single-monomer sugars (monosaccharide), two-monomer sugars (disaccharides), and other multi-unit sugars (polysaccharides). Proteins- made of amino acids. tomentum and muscle. Act as enzymes. Proteins function depends on its shape Lipids-fats (oils) and steroids (cholesterols. Stores slide fastener and produces other steroids. fill out is made of glycerol with 3 superfatted acid molecules (triglycerides). Mitochondria are known as the powerhouses of the cell. They ar e organelles that act like a digestive system that takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates dexterity for the cell. Nucleic acids- deoxyribonucleic acid and RNA, provides the directions for building proteins. Made of nucleotides.A>T and G>C Polysaccharides- sugars Soften a fat- create more double bonds with carbon atoms in the fatty acid chains. much hydrogen atoms in saturated fats make them remain solid at fashion temp. Enzyme- may contain the organic molecule NH?. Special type of protein that causes metabolic reactions to issue at a much greater rate than they normally would. Their function depends upon their three-d shape. Three factors that can affect the Lords Supper of enzymes is temperature, pH and the presence of catalase. A protein that serves as a biological catalyst, changing the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed in the process. DNA- made up of nucleotides.DNA makes RNA RNA makes protein Benedicts test- cut sugars, chiliad, ye llow, red is positive. Blue is negative Sudan trey test- testing for fat, red spot is positive Biuret test- protein, pink or purple is positive Iodine test- starch, positive is dark brownness or black Hydrogen Peroxide- enzyme drill (liver, lunch meat) bubbles are positive Robert Hooke- get-go to use the term cell to name the basic unit of life. Surface to bulk ratio (Surface scope / Volume)- a small cell has a large sa>v ration than a larger cell. When the orthogonal(a) surface area is smaller than the deep down volume the cell cannot pass genuine in and out as in effect as when the surface area is larger than the volume stoppage 1 CUBE 2 Surface Area 1cm x 1cm x 6 sides = 6cm2 10cm x 10cm x 6 sides = 600cm2 Volume 1cm x 1cm x 1cm = 1cm3 10cm x 10cm x 10cm = 1000cm3 SA/V 6cm2/1cm3 = 6. 0 cm2/cm3 600cm2/1000cm3 = . 6cm2/cm3 Rf = Distance the pigment traveled Distance the solvent traveled (solvent calculate will be near the paper clip) For example, if the s olvent travels 10 cm, and the pigment travels 3 cm, the Rf value for that pigment would be 3 cm/10 cm = 0. 3000 (four decimal places) Ribosomes- found on the surface of Rough ER. Synthesizes protein Nucleus- contains and replicates DNANuclear membrane- the envelope there is pores and spaces for RNA and proteins to pass through while the nuclear envelope keeps all of the chromatin and nucleolus inside. Cytoskeleton- maintains cell shape, anchors organelles, and survives parts of the cell. A web of fine fibers in the cytoplasm of a eucaryotic cell includes microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. Cell walls plant cell walls are composed of cellulose. A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and some protists protects the cell and helps maintain its shape. Cell membranes are composed of lipoids and proteins it separates the cell from its environment.Called the unruffled Mosaic because molecules can move freely past one a nother and photomosaic because of the diversity of proteins that float like icebergs in a phospholipids sea. Cytoplasm- Everything inside a eukaryotic cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus consists of a semi suave medium and organelles can also refer to the interior of a prokaryotic cell. Chloroplasts- the organelles that answer photo synthesis in plant cells and some protists. fixed in the cytoplasm within the plasma membrane. Enclosed by two coaxal membranes, a chloroplast absorbs sunlight and uses it to power the synthesis of organic regimen molecules (sugars).Chlorophyll- A green pigment in chloroplasts that participates directly in the light reactions. Chlorophyll a-the chlorophyll that is used during light reaction and is in the reaction center of the photosystem Chlorophyll b- broadens the range of light a plant can use Carotenoids- absorbs extra light that could damage the chlorophyll Anthocyanin- protects the plant from UV damage Genes- Chromosomes are made up of DNA. Segments of DNA in specific patterns are called genes. Your genes make you who you are. You will find the chromosomes and genetic material in the nucleus of a cell. In prokaryotes, DNA floats in the cytoplasm in an area called the nucleoid. Lysosome- aids is digestion Plasma membrane- major lips are phospholipids.The thin layer of lipids and proteins that sets a cell off from its surroundings and acts as a selective barrier to the passage of ions and molecules into and out of the cell consists of a phospholipid bilayer in which proteins are embedded. Golgi apparatus- protein modification. An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of scores of membranous sacs that modify, store, and ship products of the endoplasmic reticulum. Central vacuole- A membrane-enclosed sac occupying most of the interior of a mature plant cell, having diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development. Aids in storage Microtubules- cell shape Nucleolus- The nucleolus is a non-membrane reco il structure composed of proteins and nucleic acids found within the nucleus. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is transcribed and assembled within the nucleolus.Cilia- hair-like structures on the outside of a cell that create relocation through a back and frontwards motion Flagella- tail-like structure on the outside of the cell that helps move the cell along Food vacuole- sac that buds from the plasma membrane to help the lysosome release enzymes that digest the food molecules that provides energy to the cell. Cellular respiration- conversion of the energy stored in food molecules to energy stored in adenosine triphosphate. Glucose is used as food and carbon dioxide is produced as waste. Formula is 6carbonic acid gas + 6H2O =C6H12O6+6O2 (6 molecules carbon dioxide + 6 molecules water=1 molecule sugar + 6 molecules oxygen). Cellular respiration varies from animated because it is required to share 2 gases with its surroundings and breathing shares 2 gases between blood and surroundings. Stage s are Glycolysis, Citric Acid circle and Electron Transport Aerobic= 4, anerobic= 34Cellular responses subscribe to transduction of an external signal Paramecium- single celled organism (Protist) with a nucleus (eukaryotic cell) and small hair-like structures (cilia) Osmosis- water moves from the lower solute concentration to the higher(prenominal) solute concentration. A type of passive diffusion where water moves down the concentration gradient through a semi-permeable membrane. Hypertonic- In comparing two tooth roots, referring to the one with the greater concentration of solutes. Hypotonic- In comparing two solutions, referring to the one with the lower concentration of solutes. If a cell is laid in it, water will move into the cell from the surrounding solution. Energy- capacity to perform workKinetic energy- energy of motion (muscle moving) potential energy- Energy that something has because of its location. A rock on the top of the mountain contains potential energy entr opy- the sum of money of the amount of disorder or reciprocal ohm in a situation Principles of conservation of energy- it is not possible to create or destroy energy. Can only be converted from one form to another. adenosine triphosphate molecules- main energy carriers in cells. adenosine triphosphate synthesis occurs in the mitochondrion supple charm requires adenosine triphosphate, passive does not. Facilitated transport occurs by means of transport proteins Diffusing molecules move down their concentration gradients until they are evenly distributed.If a human cell were place in water, it sells because water is diffusing across the plasma membrane from a sphere of high concentration outside the cell to a region of low concentration inside the cell. Endocytosis- The movement of materials in to the cell Exocytosis- The movement of materials of out the cytoplasm of a cell via membranous vesicles or vacuoles Phagocytosis is a type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs another cell. A cell engulfs a particle by wrapping pseudopodia more or less it and packaging it within the vacuole Pinocytosis- cellular alcohol addiction Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis the movement of specific molecules into the cell by inward budding vesicles. The vesicles contain proteins with sense organ sites specific to the molecules being taken in.Polypeptide- a chain of amino acids that have been linked together by dehydration synthesis Light reactions take place in the thylakoid membrane. Source of electrons is H? O. The first of two stages in photosynthesis, the steps in which solar energy is absorbed and converted to chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. The light reactions power the sugar-producing Calvin cycle but produce no sugar themselves. Photosynthesis- light excites the electrons in chlorophyll to a higher energy state. Energy is released and used to create ATP when electrons are passed down the energy hill during the light dependant reactions. The process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria interpret light energy to chemical energy stored in the bonds of sugars made from carbon dioxide and water. CO2 + 6H2O =C6H12O6+6O2 (6 molecules carbon dioxide + 6 molecules water=1 molecule sugar + 6 molecules oxygen) Calvin Cycle- makes sugars during photosynthesis in the Stroma. The Calvin Cycle uses the products of the light reactions (which are ATP and NADPH) to power the production of sugar from carbon dioxide. The enzymes in the Calvin cycle are fade away in the Stroma, the thick fluid within the chloroplast. ATP generated by the light reactions provides the energy for sugar synthesis. And the NADPH produced by the light reactions provides the high-powered electrons for the reduction of carbon dioxide to Glucose. Thus, the Calvin cycle indirectly depends on light produce sugar because it requires the supply of ATP and NADPH produced by the light reactions.Energy transfer- pigment molecules>chlorophyll a> capital electron acceptor Electron transport train- electrons pass from one carrier to another, releasing a little energy at each step Photosystem- A light-harvesting unit of a chloroplasts thylakoid membrane consists of several hundred barbel molecules, a reaction-center chlorophyll, and a primary electron acceptor. Rough ER was mentioned in the section on ribosomes. They are very important in the synthesis and packaging of proteins. some of those proteins might be used in the cell and some are direct out. The ribosomes are attached to the membrane of the ER. As the ribosome builds the amino acid chain, the chain is pushed into the ER. When the protein is complete, the rough ER pinches off a vesicle. That vesicle, a small membrane bubble, can move to the cell membrane or the Golgi apparatus. suave ER- has its purpose in the cell. It acts as a storage organelle. It is important in the foundation garment and storage of steroids.It also stores ions in solution that the cell may need at a later time. vesi cle is a bubble of liquid within another liquid, a supramolecular assembly made up of many different molecules. More technically, a vesicle is a small membrane-enclosed plunder that can store or transport substances. Vesicles can form naturally because of the properties of lipid membranes (see micelle), or they may be prepared. artificially prepared vesicles are known as liposomes. Most vesicles have specialized functions depending on what materials they contain. Water-splitting photosystem when oxygen is produced Osmoregulation- animals business leader to survive if its cells are exposed to hypertonic or hypotonic environment